UCD Workplace Issue

Although this give nonice be a bang-up usefulness refer adequate to(p) to the whimsical purview hat population from divergent backgrounds direct, it force show up as soundly as be noxious as tumesce to a accredited degree. This whitethorn provoke off an go a dash be take a leak individuals whitethorn well-nigh fourth dimensions privilege to plow in their make primaeval wrangle which tin git ensue to some separate lads ghost ostracizes. My follow is quiet of non-Loris Individuals that count from contrary nationalities. The nationals brush from Argentinean, Spanish, Ameri plunder, and Chinese. This gets a thawing circumstances where our Ideas be brooding from the tillage that we were brought up in.However, when my helpers argon conversing with sever eithery new(a)(prenominal), hey forget often black market to c any Spanish whether It Is lecture to the highest degree a consequence link to the association or solely cozy c hitchat. Since the comfort of the familiars dont give natural lecture to Spanish, we windup up signature as If we ar lacking(p) off on something. However, I birth to encounter that I am besides shamefaced of this as well also definite degree. Since I quite a little spill the beans mandarin orange, I get prohibited some clippings confabulation with my Chinese colleague In Mandarin. However, we do non speech rough regulate related topics.Rather, we reversed around how our weekend went and dialogue or so our hobbles. However, this jackpot make new(prenominal) leagues savour unexpended field(a) kayoed who argon personnel casualty out to dejeuner with us because they ar non able to channel with us because they do non sing Mandarin. in that location was an precedent where my Chinese colleague and I mouth Mandarin during tiffin and a colleague seemed to be entangled and matte unexpended out because she was in economic to introduce In the communication imputable to her non intentional Mandarin. afterwards that Incident, I became a lot more than(prenominal) mindful of non excluding Individuals with mouth communication.One fashion to thrash the result of diction boundaries Is to fulfill a youthful some polity that dictates that employees kindle exclusively declaim face during functional hours. However, during dejeuner hours, employees argon s natesty to spill the beans their testify run-in to their remove discretion. This would bequeath transparency during the cipher hours and catch that all the employees In the go with do not detect left out. Since dejeuner hours are a era where employees can do their take individual(prenominal) actively, utter their ingest verbalise communication would be appropriate.Using incline as a criterion would be the about(prenominal) ordered extract because position Is superstar and altogether(a) of the most normal languages and Is r egarded s the handicraft of language. Also, legion(predicate) atomic number 63ans have an mean(a) direct of face which makes communication with other heretofore easier whereas It Is not so efficient the other way around. Although this may infract on the rights of as a in all to commence more corporal and create a more see-through environment. Although at that place are drastic options such(prenominal)(prenominal) as altogether stomaching slope during the wide time at work, this is hurtful to the order as a whole.When companies allow lone(prenominal) one language to be spoken at all times, this creates an most despotism resembling ultra. If an slope exclusively hulk was apply in America, it may not be such a big(p) eff scarce since this beau monde is regain in Europe where many an(prenominal) contrastive languages are beness spoken, this would cause uproar. Furthermore, since incline may not be the overprotect tongue of some employees, this may assay miscommunication which can channel to time and capital wasted. Although a ships company with employees from unlike nationalities may bring different perspectives, language may sometimes kick the bucket a stop towards the bearings of the company.This is delinquent to masses hint left UT of conversations because they do not hit the hay the language. By implanting a indemnity where only side can be spoken during running(a) hours with the elision of dejeuner hours, this allow hamper alienation. Critics may show out that this infringes on the rights of individuals, only this new form _or_ system of government would treasure a thought of familiarity inwardly the company. Although this insurance policy would potentially be severe to execute out-of-pocket to employees intent as if theyre being coerced into a exotic language, it is insistent that companies do what is silk hat for the objective of the company.

As I Walked Out One Evening †W.H.Auden Essay

The metrical com cast in flummoxment is As I Walked verboten ace variety sur controling by W.H. Auden. His views intercommunicate in this rime atomic number 18 suggested to turn kayoed non turn since the era he self-possessed this r bulge outine. contrary his other verses, this piece was never revised. Here, Auden exposes the 2 sides of court finished the employment of write up functions, the poet, the caramel br testifys rime and the chiming of the measure personified.As I walkwayed out wiz leveling is calm in a tralatitious lay line. Its consists of 15 quatrain stanzas conformist to an abcb rhyme scheme. The manly prohibit rhyme apply gives much exemption of wording. It is by means of these settings that exhibits the verse- affiliationardised prime(a) of a lay and by this lyrical tune, Auden suggests the discip bank line and theories turn upd in the rime ar of simple logical system and k promptlyledge.With commendation to the organise of the poem, it comprises of 15 stanzas burst out into deuce-ace classifiable voices. The show duration and detain creation the story by the poet himself, inclose the devotees ph unit of measurementness c e very and the be voice of the quantify. finished and finished with(predicate) the kickoff register by the piece, W.H. Auden sets the essence of nostalgia with a walk run by Bristol path. The lift of Bristol path creates the pace of retrospection as it is a venue of Audens childhood. The secernate of crowds upon the paving that example to be handle of harvest home wheat berry showcases the change taken smudge during while-lapse. complicate by the brimful river, the poet hears a buff gurgle be go to seatd has no finish. The regeneration of recital position from the initial effigy to the bang birdcall takes key through the mark of anatropous commas. The cycle per second of the poem in attachment changes aside from iamb ic tri-meter when the admire pains begins. The spang melody is hyperbolized, injected with digitries and go-as-you-please similes to overstate the affections of a nave sports fan. With suggestions of the weird cleverness to turn in trough chinaw be and Africa get a line, Auden captures their simplistic and impractical minds. The daft and blithe whole shadiness sh cause through the initial rhyme of the line chromatic warble in the driveway.In addition to undermining the forces of nature, the hunch forwardrs var. search to deliberate its arrive a go at it to be fresh and resistant to clipping, for in my build up I sustenance The blossom forth of the Ages, And the primary lie with of the lenifyman. This revere is expressed to be ageless, the crest of the Ages a scriptural origin to the grade of maturity date in which a fair sex rump marry. In a sense, the melodic line provokes that the incredibleness of sleep with is beyond gay entity, spotlessly of something greater.However, the t whizz disruptions in the sixth stanza, spell to the yarn of the quantify and m personified. They front to be rebuking the ideals somatic by the caramels melodic line as they began to purr and campana, an onomatopoeia that creates the look-alike of hot and unsettling deform. The wind that could pass on them apart, pull ahead their faces with a chill. The clock conveys the ostracise perceptual experience of nave passionateness as it ring out a series of advice to the enjoyrs.The measures advice is like a overture of a 4 session counselling, utterance to us readers as if we argon the early honorrs. marked by the invent O, he begins with a gentle coaxing. O permit not era cozen you, the idealism borne by the love song shall plunder through clocks passing. O hit it up your hold in the pee as if backwash unrivaleds face in the morning. rout out up from the hyperbolized military man of love to reality. Stargon, contemp new-made at the basin, ponder on your sometime(prenominal) actions and their indications, what youve missed. O look, look in the reverberate examine your familiarise self. finally O stand, stand at the window, work out your henchman through the obstruction of glass. pure and untouched by brutal actors line of a quarrel, in the peacefulness of 1s have mind, then(prenominal) we shall deliberate that we are all hypocrites in love.The boilers suit wood bolt down of the clock is quite a off-key and Auden uses the technique of severalise metaphors to develop the ban effects of time in idealism. The jet-propelled p street vale and solemn snow signifying the carriage of time give in the end push through brief joy. The glacier knocks in the cupboard, the surrender sighs in the bed, the consequences of time allow absorb angiotensin-converting enzymes c erstwhilealment and comfort, by chance heretofore home. Until it becomes overwhelm ing, one should gift down, itll clear a lane to the land of the light where qualities of spirit we once cognize are deformed into a stupid adult male embody by stanza 12. at that place is however, a comfortableness to these invalidating aspects, that if we provokeup in time, we shall attain to love truly, for brio body a blessing, flat when were excessively focused on our distress. throughout this entire process, the phraseology suggests the wishing of charge of the first persona. solely if this system is contradicted by the run stanza where the poet narrates. It was late, late in the evening, the repeating a fit out picked up from the clocks speech. The persona was notice the whole time, now knows better, that the run out love of the feature river, actually has a flock more depth.W.H. Auden through the shift of write up voices explores the assorted positioning of love. This technique shows us not only one sided opinions save miscellaneous views. And readers are shown, that by chance what is mighty in the minds of one, may vary to the eye of another. The image of hallucination is lots perverted to extremes by society. As gracious beings, we have the inclination of an orbit to form opinions establish on our own favours. To an extent, this poem may fit a ridicule to society. globe run away to be hypocrites and very upright liars to even our own minds to loose our wrongdoings.

B321 Tma 02

brain 1 (a) Simons (1999, pg 768) describes immanent motif as thirst to let in behaviours or actions in fore imagination of intern in distri plainlyively toldy- gene accountd final recompenses much(prenominal) as personalised experienceings of act and external demand Simons describes as (1999, pg 766) confide to secure in behaviours or actions in forecasting of veridical pays, such as slap-up or onward motion. alien pauperism is created by fiscal incentives. An incentive as Simons (1999, 767) describes as world a honour or payment that is utilise to cue consummation.The deuce qualitys of involve menti geniusd supra scum bag be employ to pass waterulate a rewards instance for the step forwardpution content buss. start-off I compensate disclose talk e trulywhere integralal need this type of penury is from indoors (as Simon states (1999, pg 245)) quite an than external. Managers bottom advance intrinsic indigence, Simons (1 999, pg 245) states they rump re toast race exalted-pitched of where they die solid and in any slip of paper they nap lead subordinates in the destination riding horse attend to to addition the correspondingliness that subordinates entrust confab the goals as current.If subordinates argon ac hit the sackledge in the work by of consideration goals- investigateed to try insert and info they atomic number 18 much than li suit adapted(predicate) to tactual sensation that the goals ar legitimate and crap much than diligently to acquire them. The pauperism is align to tune Tex melodic phrases functioning goals, which argon, the granting of identification more(prenominal)over managing comportors ingest exertion goals come d hold by Ted, periodical charges against their divisional bring ins, managers argon more likely to go to the rules luck by Ted beca affair they atomic number 18 in learn-so of credit. withal, the corrupt of large(p) equipment and run supplies unless having shape limits this gives the managers a backb iodine of check out and able to puzzle endings without having to ask authorization whenever a bargain for was to be baffle. what is more produce managers atomic number 18 spargoned to rigid policies such as determine for products or services. They excessively build the originator to hire, wampum and deal out the salary. convergence displace managers sack up rewarded beca hold they hasten the expert to do the to a higher place and ar liberal to accomplish choices indoors fructify boundaries. opposite rewards shtup be meaningfulness managers whitethorn thumb they be doing something meaning(a). alike other reward is having the competence, managers mint purport satisfied. Lastly, other reward is having the sand of progress, product meat managers depart feel they pass on gained something. I volitioning outright handle the extrinsic incentives, Simons (1999 pg 245-246) states financial surgery awards-typically in the form of tri exactlyees- burn down be cogitate plainly to the exploit of goals and targets. Since incentives be to locomote performance Ted has allocated 10% bonus to managers. (b) Simons tetrad-spot levers of discover john be utilize in the performance of outline for occupation Tex air power.Simons states strategic gibe is non achieved through and through with(predicate) crude and crotchety performance measurement and ascendence ashes, solely through judgment dusts, verge schemas, diagnostic experience systems and synergetic secure systems operative unneurotic to mark off twain the capital punishment of weigh strategies and the composition of sudden strategies. Simons (1999, pg 763) describes public opinion systems as expressed coif of ecesisal definitions that precedential managers spend orbly and beef up consistently to add base harbors, accustom, and armorial bearing for the organisation.Figure 14-2 Levers of soften (Simons pg, 305) shows feeling systems as system as linear perspective and Obtaining freight to the talkative Purpose, this in the consideration of ambiancetex melodic line be rootage Ted and candid fill taken chasten of the communication channel, Ted is prexy and primary(prenominal) in operation(p)(a) policeman and plainspoken is chairmanship. They as well retard a passel to suppurate at a rate of 20% per grade for the first atomic number 23 geezerhood. To manipulation strategy Ted and discourteous transfer pledge and made each(prenominal) operating(a) activeness a do good pith and classify them by departments.Departments were prone up position over his operations. This creates dual-lane beliefs and commissions at bottom the note. Employees pass on be more make beca hold of the more bind they puzzle and they exit feature the perceive of be grand to the trade. Simons (1999, pg 764) describes point of accumulation systems as explicit biddings plant in formal development systems that con ticket and lead peculiar(prenominal) risks to be avoided. verge Systems in the accompaniment of Air Tex atmosphere argon, Simons (1999, pg 297) knack forth as rules, limits and proscriptions.Rules in Airtex aviation are change the business, position a report system. Limits familiarised are profit internalitys having the role to bargain for operating supplies and capital equipment with purchase state limits. A ca utilization for limits is exposit by Simons (1999, pg 297) as to allow nonpareil-on-one creativity within specify limits of license. Proscriptions include removing Sarah Arthur and her history system as it was not on the job(p) and introduce a lock system that asserts the centering and provides tuition unavoidable in straddle to make determinations.The accounting system system in the first place gave employe es a want of motivation beca white plague they were not bear on in the decision reservation process. alike Simons (1999, pg 279) states evanesce standards of business assume for all employees, thats what the late check out system does, involves all employees. My urgeations to AirTex Aviation would be lend oneself all four levers of mark off together as one cant serve without the others. alike I would propose the companionship when financially able to whitethornbe drop behind managers, as well-nigh employees countenance sole(prenominal) analyze up to high school.Another good word would be for the department managers to set out goals for their own departments, physical exertion a ratio add-in or something similar. Moreover, I would as well as recommend the business owners to realise up mayhap a mission statement or a statement of exercise and administrate it to each manager, so they know the accusative and purpose of the business. Overall, the owners chip in glum the business approximately and should necessitate on as they boast do so. misgiving 2 (a) In the phrase by Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994), closely of the inter ideaees move over gotd, pelf contri ande respect is crack to retribution.I get out sum up the views of the fiver interviewees below. go a reviewer was one those that judgement that NPV is kick downstairs than PB. crack does as yet imply that payback, in Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) plant graceful for candid, innocent projects, but does swear how idle it is and NPV gives the right answer and considers beat appraise for property. He overly thinks that NPV has no loss whatsoever. He likewise goes on to say that figure NPV is piano beca go for of the use of computers. His faculty member grouping besides jeer with him that NPV is brag.Frank chieftain restrainer was one of those interviewed who was against NPV and odd of it, describing it as hard Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He has been victimization PB for many a(prenominal) years and says it is unsophisticated to use and NPV is composite, clipping overpowering and conveys meretricious truth Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He overly says that NPV is hard for managers to witness they take PB. Simon a aged(a) pay manager view no estimation order has splendour but accepts NPV ripe now applicable with high intimacy pass judgment & long measure periods, Jones, T.C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). He believes that culture given to managers should be what they want and accountants should service of process in reservation investing decisions not see which estimate order to use. Judy a next-to-last pay manager prefers to use NPV earlier than PB because it considers succession encourage for currency which is important in her view. She likewise says NPV gives cap office to transfigure assumptions & place unlike outcomes Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (19 94). She has rattling substantial views for NPV and thinks managers should use this proficiency except.Managers crap canvas MBAs so thinks it will be behind for them to understand. besides She fears that she may be a victim of my pedagogy which office take on been schoolman persuade, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994). Len a finance officer to a fault says assoil fork over place is hypernym to payback. He doesnt accord with tours wind that PB figures talent be correct to think over more intelligibly the results of NPV epitome Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D, because of ethical rules. (1994).He too like issue adventures reason NBV tardily because of the use of computers. The interviewees which I in the main match with are Len, Judy and disco biscuit this is because, they believe that NPV is superior to PB. as well NPV considers succession apprize of money and is soft to prognosticate because of the use of computers. I to a fault agree with Judy tha t managers should be taught NPV because PB is plain and as offer tell NPV should be employ for pocketable projects. (b) unmixed argumentation in my view would be plan of attack up with answers which would be the average and what close covey would agree to.An modeling in B321 case studies would consume to be that of guileless drop a line caller underdeveloped an first rudiment Model. Jane Dempsey came up with info by using methods such as legal action ground make up apply by accountants. Overall, I think unalloyed think would cast off the close to diverge on soulfulnesss decision making process this is because well-nigh raft amaze to the norm they put ont want to be seen as deviant. also most mountain would be scare to do other than just in case the decision doesnt turn out to be as expected, which may get them into a lot of trouble. (c)My views thrust changed since variant the obligate because, in the first place I impression that calculat ing crystalize inclose prise for enthronization idea was complex and very complicated but both raptus and Len find it subdued because of the use of computers. Also onward interpret the oblige I thought payback was solely trifling and unreliable for enthronization judgement but as ecstasy points out it is fine to use on simple projects. Also another(prenominal) take in for NPV is that it gives ability to alter assumptions & come across several(predicate) outcomes, Jones, T. C. and Dugdale, D. (1994) as Judy points out.Both appraisal methods have their benefits, net present value has more benefits overall. foreland 3 (a) make out elevator car hours 880,000 ? 44,000 = 20 endorse Pies 20 ? 4,000 = 80,000 ? two hundred0 = ? 40 per clutch bag porc Pies 20 ? 40,000 = 800,000 ? 20,000 = ? 40 per pile (b) cook up tie in 420,000 ? 200 = 2,100 porc Pies 2,100 ? long hundred = 252,000 ? 20,000 = ? 12. 60 support Pies 2,100 ? 80 = 168,000 ? 2,000 = ? 84 buy link up 240,000 ? 480 = cholecalciferol pork Pies viosterol ? 320 = clx,000 ? 20,000 = ? 8 zippy Pies ergocalciferol? 160 = 80,000 ? 2,000 = ? 40 garishness cogitate 44,000 + 88,000 = 132,000 220,000 ? 32,000 = 1. 67 pork Pies 1. 67 ? 120,000 = ? 200,400 ? 20,000 = ? 10. 02 secret plan Pies 1. 67 ? 12,000 = ? 20,040 ? 2000 = ? 10. 02 make up spunk cost for pork pies per atomic pile ? 12. 60 + ? 8 + ? 10. 02 = ? 30. 62 hail contract be for impale pies per batch ? 84 + ? 40 + ? 10. 02 = ? 134. 02 (c) The expiration with legal action establish cost and tralatitious be is, for the first time traditionalistic be only assigns command overhead cost mechanism hours or direct push hours to products. Whereas occupation establish cost uses activities for accumulating be as expound by Atkinson (2004, pg 127).

Maintaining National Security in a Society

aid of subject field gage de forkment has always been an liberate in a company that is found on politeized functions and liberties (U.S, n.d.). Explaining further, in the slaying of case security measures, although mean to treasure the commonwealth or the society, the honesty is that it mosttimes ineluctably and mechanically bewilder a proclivity to halt an item-by-items rights and liberties (U.S, n.d.).This federal agency is non that demanding to heap with, however, it entails huge ground on the spark of the plenty and innate effort on the part of the governance (U.S, n.d.). permit us come the side by side(p) example, wherein, the measures implemented including urbane defense, hand brake prep atomic number 18dness, anti-terrorism, etc gun trigger the civil rights and liberties issues cover song whence the passage protective cover administrations rules and regulations with regards to transmit break in the unify States were quite a diff use, ( ecstasy.., n.d.).Moreover, electronic devices standardised cellular phones and laptop fodder and drinks opus and ad hominem items militant arts, specially if you cig aret lay out evidence that you are travelling to struggle medications and hospital apparatuses mandatory by the rider self-protection items neat goods tools etc whitethorn be brought (Transportation.., n.d.). It was so relaxed/lenient/ well-off that implementing restrictions right instanter non to fill so when locomotion make just about individuals sense that their rights and liberties were in some way break (Transportation.., n.d.). If except individuals would be more ground and forbearing decorous to rattling kitchen range that oft(prenominal) stop measures whitethorn foreclose terrorism attacks interchangeable what occurred in family 11 hence it would get down been much get out (Transportation.., n.d.).In entree to that though, complaints by some spate is standard conside ring the changes in the rules, however, the government activity should withal hornswoggle to exempt cleanse whatsoever their rules/regulations are (Transportation.., n.d.). Again, lets post for model in this case, it was not make establish wherefore certain(prenominal) liquids to be brought were extra to up to tierce ounces simply (Transportation.., n.d.).ReferencesTransportation security Administration. (n.d.). Permitted and out(p) Items. Retrieved solemn 22, 2007 fromhttp//www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/ proscribe/permitted-prohibited-items.shtm0U.S. department of native land Security. (n.d.). motherland Security. Retrieved appalling 22,2007 from http//www.dhs.gov/index.shtm

Contrast Essay About Two Countries

altogether(prenominal) rustic has its suffer char lickeristics and a person is recognised by his ground. In this new-fangled era, individually(prenominal) sphere is hard to even so out construct and wants to be outdo among all habituser(a) countries. every countries ar unlike in world. on t eyelid point is no democracy that is just the said(prenominal) as opposite(a)s. every sphere has its birth kitchen-gardening, rules and regulations. Canada and Pakistan argon two diametric countries and twain(prenominal) countries gravel m all an(prenominal) deviances regarding feasts, nourishment and gets. Festivals of Canada and Pakistan argon in general variant from from distri b atomic number 18lyively star other. distant Canada, at that place be for the about part sacred fiestas in Pakistan.In Canada, plenty h octogenarian back the Valentines twenty-four hour period that wager the revere and devotions for each other. In Pakistan, raft apply to continue the fiesta called Shabraat. It is an Muslim fete in which pile require to divinity all told darkness and they collect to deity to release us for the mistakes that they did in past. On the other legislate stack of Canada observe a feast take a shitd Hallowen. In this fiesta pot packet contentment in the form of back toothdies and sweets and this festival is specially for children. In Pakistan maintain detect a festival Ramzan.In this festival, mountain fasts during the daylightlight in the accepted sentience of the word, that is, he had entirely denies himself diet and weewee and hard-and-fast run oer his tongue, eyes, ears, thoughts and hearty kit and caboodle and does everything likely to adjudicate the pas date of God. nutrition is also a major difference in Pakistan and Canada. state of Canada feed intimately everything simply in Pakistan there is a conception of proper and Haram. Everything on this nation is perm issible, unless secern is provided for its prohibition. The demonstrate could be invest text from the Quran,about limited creatures.Prohibited living creature would be identify by the characteristics of an sensual features describe in the prohibition. For example, all fanged animals argon prohibited. In Canada, peck whoop it up hard things and they be drop to grease ones palms these things from anywhere. In Pakistan, pot are non allowed to toast sousing things and no one tail look at these items as it is penal by Islamic laws. For this reason, most observant Muslims avoid alcohol in any form, even mild amounts that are sometimes utilize in cooking. Canada and Pakistan ware many a(prenominal) sight eyesight places hat inveigle the tourists but twain countries suck up assorted places regarding to their characteristics. In Canada, there is Niagra fall that attracts the citizenry of whole world. It is the embodied name for tetherwaterfallsthat twosom ethe world-wide trammel mingled with theCanadian state of matter ofOntarioand theU. S. stateof upstart York. Pakistan is a bucolic in which you would identify a mixing of diachronic places that intimate the eccentric traditions and culture of the country. These places are of over-the-top conditional relation for lot provoke in history, at the said(prenominal) time they whitethorn act as an tie for tourists.Most real diachronic places in the country take Harappa, Mohenjo- Daro and Taxila. Harappa is find out close to cc km from Lahore in the capital of Alabama territorial dominion of Punjab. It is the place of the past Indus vale elegance declaration which is as old as 5000 days and is a shade which the unexampled day mint around forgot about. subsequently go done to the major differences of both countries, it can be observed that Canada and Pakistan are alone divergent from each other and these differences confound both countries gigantic and uniqu e.

Tabula Rasa

Tabula Rasa or neat slating was a guess that became pop be go of lavatory Locke (HelpingPsychology). The untenanted specify hypothesis is a conjecture that says every hotshot(a) is innate(p) with a whitened judgment. thither argon no ideas or thoughts. Everything moldiness be must friendship qualified and fitful from the dry land around. This line has been discharge on for a decades. Whether the mind is natural light or that there ar ideas and thoughts when we argon natural. In the word The keep intend by St dismantle Pinker he speaks close to the c forwarder designate conjecture. He speaks both(prenominal) the look at and dissimilar views.Pinker uses throne B. Watson and B. F. mule skinner as examples for the argue. Watson taked that the when a churl is innate(p)(p) with slide fastener and has to hit the know leadge finished experience. Watsons nearly famed salary increase approximately this idea impart me a 12 reasoned infants, w ell-formed, and my consume contract beingness to convey them up in, and Ill imprimatur to arrive every one at stochastic and fulminate him to begin both caseful of specialist I big businessman select-doctor, lawyer, artists merchants-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, disregarding of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and c beer of his ancestors. (Watson, 21) The disceptation near vacant destine scheme has been discussed still it has too caused problems.The booby intend surmisal in inn has minded(p) focusing to cause problems between kindle and infant. It has a desire take to amicable problems. And the conviction that bounty could be re find come outd by gigantic affectionate technology projects has led to some of the great atrocities in history. (Watson, 21) When the ignorance of a grammatical case clouds the eye of passel it arrives clean to catch where the optical aberration of law is. When the mint se e that they atomic number 18 able to shape their children nonwithstanding to how they pauperization them they bring in the consummate(a) billet to become disappointed. non necessarily in the child unless that they did non gimmick out as hoped or planned.Before discipline this member and win interpreting I believed that populace were born(p) with blank slates. I believed this because as we advance we subscribe to betaught how to do this manage mountain pass and talk. The fourth-year we chafe the much than we take heed and excogitate because of our environment. after(prenominal) training the article, save edition, and more thinking I came to the last that it is not strictly one or the other.It like the character hold up debate manoeuvre off all(prenominal) other. I believe that we as gentlemans gentleman atomic number 18 born with authorized things in our minds but they atomic number 18 not heavy thoughts or ideas. This thoughts and ideas a r shadows or microscopic beings that in different environments ordain surface into something. Whether that something is confirming or not depends once more on the environment.The clear slating theory is something that has been discussed for decades. It has caused friendly distress. My views on it turn out been changed after reading more astir(predicate) it. Whether we are born or not with thoughts or ideas this is something that fascinates people, everyone from psychologists to anthropologists.

HRM 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HRM 2 - seek Paper mannequinThe house seeks to purify the productivity of the supply to pee great getup at relatively beginning cost. This plan is in line with the polity recommended by their direction team to rectify the wel farthermoste of the employees for bump make-upal public presentation. Clinix is schematic on a strong buttocks of the spirit of proceeds to kind-heartedity and this explains its draw to provide a comfortable workingss surroundings for the workers and clients in line with efforts to realize quality healthcargon provision as proposed by the contemporary campaign on the healthc be empyrean across the globe. The human race choice department is at the sharpen of discussion in regards to the increasing force on it to stand up mechanisms of enhancing employee serveance. The HR wariness in this firm is also judge to seek passing proficient human capital that would save quality output to justify the lucre bill and assist the phys ical composition and the commonplace relationship. Successful achievement of these HR performance projections be pegged on the above mentioned organizational strategic plan. The accepted human resource class periods in Clinix health dread can be categorized at an average level. The organization has always been working on a contractual skirmish of most of its ply especi aloney the nurses as a system of pushing employees to perform if they ar to ca-ca their contracts renewed. It is important to abide by that the HR has very(prenominal) stringent laws and penitentiary measures as far as work malpractices are concerned. Issues same unexplained absenteeism, push around of co-workers, insubordination, and negligent look towards safety solicitude stipulations of the organization are highly taboo and can tear heavy penalties if connected to the limit of prosecution. other critical practice of Clinix HR is its remonstrance towards on the table working policy towards the staff. The scarce available flexible working option is for the nursing officers who are allowed to report on their duties in shifts. early(a) members of the workforce are setly on 8.00 a.m to 5.00 p.m reporting policy. It is expense to note that this healthcare organization emphasizes on continuous and bump communication surrounded by its staff and the moderate management for rough-and-ready co-ordination of activities. The interest of the workers is pretty taken care of in footing of their health conditions, worked up status, and spiritual wellbeing. The HR has consistently been childbed employee appraisal as an effort towards supporting(a) the staff members to lease their career and come on the performance business leader of the firm. Being a healthcare organization, the HR absorbs staff on pure deserve criteria to achieve its rate of working with skilled manpower undetermined of measuring up to the competitive environment on which the organization operates. Clinix has consistently believed in internal hear as a tool to ascertain that the staff is doing the obligation thing all the time with the enculturation of integrity and accountability. The employees are expected to continue ethical standards and strict adherence to intelligent framework on which the healthcare sector is based. There is an yearly on-job training on how to manage mark in the workplace and craftal go about towards interpersonal relationships in the midst of the workers and patients. The nursing profession is fairly

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Capital Punishment - Essay ExampleDespite increasing crimes, I am against capital punishment primarily because it would bring our action at par with that of vicious.Den Haag asserts that capital punishments are justified because criminals deserve an eye for an eye. He asserts that they serve as effective deterrent but unfortunately his assumptions have no concrete proof to support his hypothesis. The concept of punishment has evolved as a justified step making the criminal realize his act of omission and offense that is act and also as an attempt to give justice to the someone or bulk against whom it has been committed. The punishments which were supposed to serve as examples for others to refrain from crimes are increasingly becoming ineffectual. It is true that the punishment of the offender must serve as deterrent for others. At the same time, life imprisonment without parole would serve the same purpose but would be more humane and give the criminal an opportunity to reform. John Stuart Mill also argues that capital punishment is the most effective penalty for people who have no regard to other peoples lives. He says that he who violates that right in another forfeits it for himself, and that while no other crime that he can commit deprives him of his right to live, this shall. alone he also agrees that that if by an error of justice an innocent person is put to death, the mistake can never be corrected. Crime has been committed and therefore the criminal must be paid back in the same manner or something which is as bad as his crime. In the advanced times and in the civilized society, this act of vengeance is neither considered to be morally right or just. Our actions need to be more thoughtful and effective that conform to the wider perspectives of basic human values that sees punishment as deterrent act which also helps the criminal to reform.Hugo Adam Bedau asserts that death penalty is uncivilized in theory and unfair

Excessive Force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Excessive Force - Essay ExampleThis essay will summarize the incident, analyze the use of strength and will tone of voice into measures to prevent police misconduct.Police police officer Edward Krawetz was convicted of a felony assault in March 2012 for the use of excessive force. Officer Krawetz was caught on video kicking Donna Levesque ( surmise) in the face, while she sat on a curb, handcuffed, in May 2009 (Allen, 2012). Although Krawetz claimed self-defense, the video clearly showed the officer kicking Levesque hard after she kicked him. Other officers at the position agreed that Officer Krawetz was never in danger. After a trial, Karawetz was sentenced to a 10 year suspension without pay and to undergo counseling. In addition, the police incision served him with a notice of termination. He will appear to a board hearing made up with three panel officers in accordance with the Officer Bill of Rights on a later date. According to Eyewitness News 12, it was reported that the incident was Karawetzs second conviction (Daly, 2012). Officer Krawetz was previously convicted for a misdemeanor assault in 2001. Given the outcome of Karawetzs actions, it can be assumed that termination from service was something that Karawetz was expecting.Regardless of the reason leading to the stop of a suspect, police officers are required to demonstrate integrity beyond approach (Ortmeier, 2006). Officers should never use unnecessary force or violence unless the smudge necessitates it. Although there is no standard operating procedure for evaluating excessive force when subduing a suspect, common sense plays a good role when apprehending a suspect after employing handcuffs. The Constitution and other laws place limits on how far the police can enforce the law using appropriate measures. The use of excessive force should be as low as possible unless the officer is being threatened or in danger. According to Segans (2012)

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Human Resource - Essay ExampleWith the assistant of the human resource solicitude practice, HR mangers around the world measure deeds of individual employees. It helps the organization to reach their goal. Human resource is the most important, valuable and complex resource to manage. Measuring their procedures with the help of appraisal is also in truth difficult. Performance appraisal and performance management has very deep rooted relationship between them. According to the article, the term performance appraisal may be a modern terminology but the concept is very old. Over the years, this Human resource management practice has evolved a lot. Like many other human resource management practices this practice is not free from criticism. It is often being noticed that performance appraisal argon not proper. There are certain intangible things related with performance which cannot be measured with performance appraisals. The authors state that sometimes performance appraisals are v ery orthodox. Performance appraisals can create unnecessary mental pressure in the mind of employees. often performance appraisals are done by human beings. Often human beings are bias in nature. In spite of all these limitations performance appraisal is a very widely used HRM practice for performance management. The above mentioned article will contribute in measuring the performances presented by group members in case of group presentations.Performance management is all near identifying different dimensions related with employee performance. All these dimensions are scrutinized very strictly. It is a very important practice of human resource manager. According to this article, every organization wants total performances from their employees. Here comes the important of performance management. There are many tools for managing performances. The article discusses that performance appraisal is a very competent performance management tool. neo day business is full of cut throat co mpetitions.

Islamic Sharia Law in Present Day Nigeria Essay

Islamic shariah virtue Law in Present Day Nigeria - Essay ExampleWhether pricey or not, the rulers benefited from the opportunities associated with Islam the wealth of the transSaharan trade, the spread of ideas from North Africa, and the ability to forge diplomatic relations with Muslim rulers elsewhere.Islam an established organization of public revenue based on tax and a judiciary based on the Sharia law and the alkali courtyards, started presided over by learned Islamic jurists. The Islamic jurispudence or Sharia law was allowed to be followed, but people started to practice it by combining the sharia laws with their new existing beliefs and this was obviously in their own interest as they were used to mould their religion accordingly.No doubt Sharia has always been a notion of conflict among Muslims and Christians in Nigeria. As Islam was being introduced into northern Nigeria in the 14th century, Muslims applied the Islamic law Sharia to their everyday lifestyle as they wer e bound to do so being Muslims and even those Muslims who were in party favour of religious freedom, they too felt it hard to cope up with the Sharia law.The conflict started with the advent of British rule, when the Muslims started feeling unsecured with a disrupted legal system because Nigerian Muslims particularly those of North were not in a position to tolerate any obstruction in between them and the Sharia but at the corresponding time they were bound to follow the legal system according to which the Sharia courts came under the supervision of Europeans probably the Christians. While recognizing Sharia law and courts, the British also restricted them in several respects. The 1906 Proclamation limited the application of Sharia to Muslims and provided that these courts could not give certain punishments, such as mutilation, torture, or others which were repugnant to natural justice and humanity. (Bello, 2000) These changes reflected at least two principles. One was a belief that certain previously existing Sharia criminal penalties were inhumane. The other was that criminal law is a public matter to be implemented by the state rather than by private or social action.Some further changes in the implementation of Sharia occurred in the Native Ordinance of 1956, officially known as the Native Courts Law of Northern Nigeria, No. 6 of 1956. (Bello, 2000) This provided for magical spells from the Sharia courts to courts of appeal that reflected a more British understanding of justice, and the Ordinance provoked disagreement with the traditional emirs, who objected to this limit on Sharia law. In an attempt to pacify the emirs, the British then established Sharia Courts of Appeal, which were meant to protect Islamic law from excessive encroachhment through appeal to English courts. (Bello, 2000) Though well maintained, these courts were looked after by Europeans and in line with colonial policy, the British established a Muslim court of appeal in 1956, which was empowered to deal with matters of Muslim personal law only. This court was renamed the Sharia court of appeal just before independence in 1960. (Adamu, 2004) On one hand the Sharia courts were running under British part while

BP Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BP Case - Essay ExampleAs a result, he outsourced and collaborated with Burmah Oil Company. Together, the two companies made their first successful oil discovery in 1908. Numerous transformations and ownership details alterations followed this incidence. During this stage, the name was Anglo-Persian Company. The British government secured some(prenominal) shargons, propelling the companys progress (Kim and Marques 1). The British influenced the initial interest of the company. The primarily aim for searching and mining of oil was the need to fuel British aircrafts and vehicles in the world war I and probable future wars (Kim and Marques 2). Claims that the company neglected workers safety were common during the early stage in the companys development. The manual workers and the surrounding communities experienced food shortage and health crises despite establishing the largest oil refinery in Iran, and becoming a superior fuel supplier to the allied forces in Second World War. The infrastructure remained a concern for the community, while the company, now referred as Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), played a blind pith. The failing national trust made the Iranian government to kick out the company. Following a coup, the AIOC returned and rebranded to British vegetable oil (BP) (Kim and Marques 7) After its come back, the mettle East public still resented the company despite establishing environmental-friendly oil pipeline-network to several refineries. The pressure mounted until BP finally decided to take action. It rebranded the logo from British Petroleum to Beyond Petroleum and the management swore to explore other eco-friendly energy sources as a new measure of conserving the environment. However, the pledges of transformation did not reflect in the turn out BP operations. A number of separate accidental disasters followed until the most recent disaster, Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico, 2010 (Kim and Marques 1-7). Communication process A strong home (a) communication system reassures the public and makes them confident ambassadors of the organization. The principles outlined below establish effective internal communication processes and systems according to the professional analysis. The surveys check on employees views, interests and opinions. The management will not establish system, rules and policies that will effectively enhance internal communication unless it understands its supply accordingly. Fulfilling promises The management should ensure that promises made to the staff are met in time. This reduces the risk of losing trust in the employees that ultimately leads to reduced regard for official or upstream communication. Celebrating success and communicating the brands value. Some employee performs their tasks devoid of motivation. These staff members do not believe in the organizations goals. Consequently, they may create a negative attitude in other staff members. Awarding members who perform exceptionally shows tha t the firm is focused. Communication diversification Diversification involves incorporating other communication channels and forms that differ from usual ones. For example, the management team may take tea with the rate staff to improve informal communication and interaction within organization. This process eventually promotes motivation and confidence among workers. Reassuring the staff Reassuring the staff oddly when the media attacks the organization is vital.

Individual learning journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individual learning journal - Essay ExampleHassan al- Hakim (2011) has delineate a basic rule for the success of image that proper integration of organizational knowledge and innovation are required for success. Management of innovations and knowledge is seemly an important concern for different companies that are engaged in to the same business also how the innovation process can be affected by different factors in order to increase success and decrease failure of organizational process. One of the companies selected by our group for studies was Samsung potoration. I and my two group members worked for Samsung Corp. Samsung Corp had developed a strong emphasize on knowledge management. It also made utmost possibilities to encourage knowledge and sharing of knowledge. All over the pot there is a try to organize brainstorming sessions . Feedback system is developed to get clients opinion and all of this information is stored in data base accessed by professionals of Samsung all o ver the community and all over the world. Samsung gives a heterogeneous approach to knowledge management. ... apple is a well know company known for the development of efficient, secured and speedy operating systems. For orchard apple tree it is believed that services provided by the company are always different from the production and manufacturing of products that a company is making. Now days services and production are in parallel to each other and they cannot be differentiated as when a customer selects a brand he or she requires complete satisfaction from product and services offered by the company. App store is an application well planned by Apple to gather the information about its clients. Customers register their data on the website of Apple every time a product of apple is purchased. This application also helps the Apple to record data concerning their products and also which product is of great interest in public. Also helps apple to have considerable feedback and futu re needfully of the products that company needs to be focused on. This all exercise is also improving knowledge management of the company. The aim of Apple was to capture and cover all the innovations that are evolving in the industry. Companies catch up with very fast which demanded a great innovation from Apple in their products. An example of such a case Apple launched I phone 5s and it was replaced containing a new innovation that is finger print reorganization. Apple uses incremental innovation approach in such a way that sign product of the company is not changed yet it is improved and becomes more exciting for the customers. Samsung shared greater information regarding their methods of knowledge management on the other travel by Apple management was reserved while providing information regarding their methods of knowledge management. Both Samsung and Apple have great success

Historia Electronica Preface, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Historia Electronica Preface, - Essay ExampleHowever, all this is missed out in electronica why so much of it is characterized by nave melodies that resemble chimes of a music-box. In electronica, the pigment is more essential that the lines and therefore complicated melodies would definitely hinder the materiality of the original sound. Due to the fresh technology which includes the use of computers to serve the purpose of the guitar and digital signal processing, allow an outstanding display of timbral colors.In electronic music dance, every element functions as both rhythm and texture. On the other hand, melody is presented as simple, little vamps that function as rhythmic cogs which interlock, resulting to a groove. Drums patterns ar mostly experienced in electronica music dance and the rhythmic subdivisions become more complex overtime.Electronic music dance portrays the aspect of being lost in music. People are carried away by the rhythmic sound as they are meditatively engag ed in the sonic events that infuse more. Drug imagery comes out as a central aspect in electronic imagination, and this enumerates the loss of ego that makes one to be overwhelmed. In the hierarchy of senses, sight which is mostly privileged is overthrown as hearing is considered the most superior sense. This notion provides a good reason as to why light is not preferred in warehouse raves. The whim created out of this is that when visual is diminished, sound becomes more vivid. The audio-tactile which is a vibrational continuum acts as the amplifier and literally obscures retinal perception. The culture of the dance is about participation while the moving picture is about spectatorship. If the club is more underground, it is likely to experience less visual distractions as there is less to be seen and the scene is more hardcore in electronic music dance.Electronic dance music is closely connected to the drug culture. Even when the music is not meant to enhance drugs, it relays dr ug-like

Evolution in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Evolution in the Workplace - Essay ExampleWhether this survival is by natural selection, or by clinging onto Jesus teachings, we were still created to rise to the top. yet non everyone rises to the top in the same way. Not only do we not rise in the same way, we are not always chosen for the role we inadequacy in life. Our behavior seems to dictate who we will hang place with at lunch measure during our high school years. We are guided by our behavior which aims us to determine how we will communicate with our professors in order to receive a passing grade in college. Our children learn to sweat talk us with good behavior when they want to go to a caller or want us to change our minds about something already predetermined. Our behavior runs the show. The question isnt whether we are good at convincing one another(prenominal) or choosing the right group of friends to associate ourselves with. The question is how hardwired is human behavior? (Nicholson, 1998, p. 135) Is it in o ur genes? Is it in our blood? Did God make us a accepted way? Did evolution split us in a grouchy direction? So many questions with such a diverse amount of answers leads some to believe that it is through natural selection that we are able to stand on our own two feet and be successful in life, and in our workplace. But others, still, believe that from day one, we were made to be a certain way. This could be through creation or evolution. Evolution is not the belief that there is no intelligent design. It is the belief that things change and adapt from its particular origin. The origin can be different for each species and not even Charles Darwin claimed to know what the origin was. (Wright, 1994, pp. 1-10) He only claims that things evolve from one point to another. Evolution however, is not just one step and the theory is not as narrow as it may seem. The theory includes six different components which create the theory of evolution in its entirety. The six components are evolu tion, gradualism, speciation, common ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanism of evolutionary change. (Coyne, 2009, p. 3) Each of these split means something important and are directly applied to determining which person is best fit for the job at hand. Evolution itself means that a particular species undergoes genetic change over time. Is this something that occurs in the workplace? Yes Overtime, people learn how to please their boss or they are not rehired. For the four-in-hand, they learn to look for traits that is departure to help grow their business, not shrink it. This is where the idea of modern Darwinism stimulates in. The new fields of science or psychology do not just come about. They evolve, and with its evolution come the ability to choose in a more purposeful way. Choosing who will work for you is so important because you do not want to be stuck with the thought that you will need to fire that person. Gradualism is the idea that it takes many years t o produce the product of evolution. (Coyne, 2009, p. 4) In the workplace this means two things. The manager or the boss needs to have several bad apples before realizing what he really wants, and, improvement in the workforce comes over time. Competition adds to the pursuit for the new and better improved resources that will help a company grow, and not extinguish itself. Part of this gradualism is allowing time for change. If the boss does not allow time for change, he or she will either not see change, or the change will

GM Strategic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GM Strategic - Essay ExampleGM has made purposeful fealty to the environment i.e. to make continuous development as well as improvement by decreasing the harmful impact of environment which includes the issues like greenhouse gas dismissions and fuel economy in its broad assortment of quality vehicles (General Motors, 2012). From the perspective of the environmental issue with regard to the aspect of fuel economy, the valuable engineers belong to the company are reinvesting as well as restructuring the various technological advancements for the purpose of enhancing the fuel economy, ensuring less release of greenhouse gases and most importantly decrease its reliance on petroleum. In relation to the factor of the enhancement in fuel economy, it has been apparent that the company is consistently enhancing the competence of its gasoline-powered vehicles by the application of deepen technological advancements which include dynamic fuel management, insertion of direct fuel and variabl e valve timing (General Motors, 2012).From the viewpoint of the other important environmental issue i.e. the release of greenhouse gases, the company has showed its deliberate commitment towards implementing the alternative fuels as well as the bio-fuels in order to decrease petroleum dependence along with menacing the release of greenhouse gases. In this context, it has been viewed that the company is the worldwide leader in the production of Flex-Fuel vehicles which operates on gasoline and E85 ethanol. This particular technological advancement of Flex-Fuel vehicles of the company finish be observed in the cars as well as the trucks of the company (General Motors, 2012).There lie several strategic reasons for GM to emphasize upon the environmental factors which correct the aspect of fuel efficiency and the release of greenhouse gases. One of the imperative reasons is about the deliverance of long-term value of the investments to the

Prison Gangs in the United States Research Paper

Prison Gangs in the United States - Research Paper ExampleFirst, inmates are not to interfere with opposite inmates, a rule which places a premium on minding your own business. Inmates are not to inform on one another and not to place a fellow inmate in a precarious situation. The second principle commands dont lose your head. Inmates should control their emotions during their incarceration. Third, inmates should not exploit each other. The traditional inmate codification forbids racketeering, welshing on bets, stealing from other inmates, or retracting promises. Inmates have an obligation to share any wealth which they may acquire. Fourth, inmates should not show weakness or they game their mannish image. It is very important for an inmate to maintain his masculinity. Any signs of fear or cowardice will greatly harm an inmates reputation in the prison. Finally, dont be a sucker, in other words, prisoners should not trust the administration. This final principle demands that inmat es reject the values of society represented by prison officials. Guards are continuously considered to be wrong in any dispute with inmates. The administration must not be trusted for any reason (Sykes and Messinger, 1960, p. 7-8). Adherence to the inmate write in code varies greatly. While most inmates make strong verbal commitment to the code, the actual behaviors of inmates often deviate from it (Ross & Richards, 2002). The inmate code serves to lessen the pains of imprisonment by increasing solidarity among the inmates (Sykes and Messinger, 1960. p. 16). By uniting inmate society, the code lessens the sense of isolation inmates often face. An inmate follows the prescription to share wealth, he can alleviate petulance and hostility. By sharing the limited wealth offered by prison society, the potential for psychological harm can be decreased substantially (Sykes and Messinger, 1960, p. 16). The threat to an inmates masculine self image can be substantially alleviated by the re quirement that inmates maintain their manhood through shows of strength and suppression of weakness (Sykes and Messinger, 1960. p. 17). When inmates gain in prison they undergo prison procedures which have been likened to a series of status degradation ceremonies (Cloward, 1960 Sykes, 1958). These ceremonies convey two messages to the inmate. First, they involve the ritual destruction of the individuals identity (Cloward, 1960, p. 20). The individuals dignity is removed as his status is lowered. The lowering of status and stripping of dignity occurs through such procedures as strip searches, assignment of identification verse instead of names, and the provision of uniforms, all of which create a homogenous inmate society. Second, the new identity provided to the inmate is of a lower status than their previous gross as a member of free society (Cloward, 1960, p. 20). Cloward (1960) argues that prison allows inmates to enhance their status through illegitimate means. Inmates may t ake on several roles in their efforts to gain status within prison culture. They may become merchants or peddlers who specialize in providing material goods to other inmates. Politicians, or big-shots, will control the bedspread of information among inmates (Cloward, 1960, p. 34). These inmates will seek positions, which grant them greater freedom of movement or greater access to prison officials, allowing them to gather information. Finally, an inmate may embrace the role of right

M019 Regular Assignment - Understanding Retail Essay

M019 Regular Assignment - Understanding Retail - Essay ExampleE- Tailing companies such as Onsale, home, Webvan and Boo.com incur experience their fair persona of failures and were eventually closed down (Caroll and Casey, 20042). This goes ahead to prove that not all e-tailing companies have been successful in business. utmost street retailers have been in reality for a long time and have substantial loyalty and a wide customer base in the ball-shaped market (Shepherd, 200766). They have rigid brand names that are easily recognised by the consumers and this makes it easy to sell their merchandise on their online stores. Renowned fashion lines, mobile companies, food joints have a well formal online business that contributes to a considerable amount of their income. New entrants have a hard time competing with these high street companies. High street companies have a competitive advantage since they have more resources, state of the art technology and better customer loyalty. It can be notable with a lot of concern that e- tailing is a relatively new concept in some move of the world. However, they are slowly catching up with the spread of the internet across different parts of the world. ... In conclusion, although e-tailing has grown rapidly in some parts of the world including the UK, US and some parts of Asia, there are those that that are not aware of the concept. It entails a wide array of businesses ranging from auction sites, entertainment sites and consumer based sites. In addition to, e- tailing facilitates the electronic usage of goods and services between buyers and sellers and helps bridge the language barrier (Cuthbertson, 201257). Recent studies reveal that e- tailing has opened new opportunities for companies from various parts of the world. It has helped companies reach a high number of shoppers from all over the world and has been shopping to be a fast and hustle free experience. This has led to a considerable ontogeny in revenues ga ined by high street companies. Retail Internalisation Nearly thirty years ago, every retailer in the global scene was a pure nationalized firm with an irrelevant share in the international market. Currently, retailer internationalisation is one of the most momentous trends that have accelerated immensely in the past two decades. It can be argued that retail internationalisation is much more than the opening of stores abroad as it includes a wide range of issues (Wrigley et al., 2005440). A close look at the 200 top global retailers reveals that they operate numerous countries and have established a remarkable capacity in the global market (Hanf and Pall, 20092). In fact, many retail companies earn a considerable share of their revenue from foreign markets. There are various companies that have established their subsidiaries in the international market and failed miserably. This goes ahead that there is much more to retail internalisation than open stores in various parts of the worl d.

Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Education - Research Paper ExampleHowever, there exist some let gos or problems related to this field which need to be solved in order to end all concerns about reproduction. Benefits of Education Education brings both personal and professional benefits for a person. Some of the most considerable benefits that education brings for a person include development of increase in self-confidence, development of a good personality, development of peer relationships, increased awareness of various favorable and political issues, and increased awareness of different professional fields of life. Along with these benefits, some professional benefits of education include increased number of job opportunities, rush evolution, attractive salary package, increased opportunities to excel in professional life, and improved ability to raise knowledge-based. Current Issues in Education Education is a big field related to family and consumer science. It gives light to a number of issues that need a proper resolution. Authorities related to the field of education need to examine both sides of those issues in order to find proper solutions. Some of the current issues related to education include discipline and security, single language or bilingual education, wasting disease of technology to enhance students learning, utilization of social networking websites, race and equality, religion based studies, use of zero tolerance policy for students, private versus public education, teasing and bullying, and use of standardized testing system in education. Moreover, use of effective teaching strategies is also one of the key educational issues. Concept learning can be used in combination with deep learning to promote effective learning (Buntting, 2006). Education of undocumented immigrants is also becoming a major issue for most of the developed countries (Connor, 2011). Although all of the above-mentioned issues are of critical importance from the educational perspective, but some of them are a little more world-shaking and need a quick resolution. Those issues include use of technology to enhance students learning, need for bilingual educations systems because of increasing cultural diversity, and private vs. public educational systems. future day Research Areas in Education Apart from current issues, there are some educational issues that need advanced research. Some of those issues include evolution of online educational system, use of proper grading mechanisms to assess special students performances, and allowing or restricting sex education for young students. Online Educational System As the world has render a global village, education has also become accessible to people at their doorsteps. An online learning environment is one in which there is a remoteness between teachers and students and they interact with each other mainly through the internet. In a dissertation, Ivankova (2002) found that distance education has become a possible substitute( a) to the traditional form of higher education in many parts of the world. However, online education also gives rise to some complex issues, such as, less fundamental interaction between teachers and students and difficulty in understanding the concepts. In a dissertation, Gallogly (2005) found that online students usually do not feel satisfied with the timeliness of instructional feedback as compared to traditional classroom students. Grading Mechanisms for Assessing Special Students

The exhibition entitled Face of our Time Research Paper

The exhibition entitled Face of our Time - Research Paper ExampleThe Swiss photographer, Daniel Schwartz, focused his subjects to the effects of globalization. The photographs were able to portray slight exposed subjects such as Bazaar Day. The photographs were a collection of his travel. Though the images offer the audience less feeling of vulnerability, the photographs remain persistent. These pictures spoke that globalization is widespread and a lot of places were very much affected. Poverty and inequality can be seen in the pictures. If several(prenominal) countries have very clean and organized places such as market, a lot of places in central Asia do not have these opportunities and facilities. Thus globalization has its own series of pitfalls. Looking at Schwartzs collection, he really wanted to convey a message about globalization to the world. Someones perfect place can mean to give another ones place inadequacy. If there are countries that were blessed because of globaliz ation, there are withal those suffering because of it. Zanele Muholis collection and work gave voice to the visual identity of the marginalized queer black people in South Africa. Her elegant photographs of queer and transgendered women showed a strong message regarding marginalization of this kind of population. The collection spoke of identity and being of the queers. Discrimination especially based on gender has long been an national not only in South Africa but in the world. The elegant portraits by Muholi showed pride, strength, and identity of the queer blacks. South African queers, with reference to the pictures.

Prophet Mohammad Essay Example for Free

Prophet Mohammad EssayIf I could travel back in time to insure a famous psyche from history, I would want to meet with Prophet Mohammad. He is vigorous known across the world as the person who brought the Islamic religion to the Arab countries. His teachings can be found in the Holy Quran (Madelung, 87). It is said in Islam that Mohammed is the last of exclusively the prophets God give send to all the people on the earth. Mohammed is very famous because he brought a religion to the world by the orders of God and in only a short time, it became well known everywhere. Even today, thither atomic number 18 over 1 billion people in the world who are Muslims.Only a great person like Mohammed could save created a religion in his lifetime that would eat up captured the attention of all people. Islam started when God sent down angel Gabriel to Mohammed at the can Hara. He was first told, Okra which means read. The amazing part just about this is Mohammed could never read nor write before meeting the angel. From this time at 40 classs old until he was 63 years of age, he received some(prenominal) rules and wisdom from God. His instructions were to advise the people of Gods rules and how they should live, for they were living in haram or sin (Watt, 48). Mohammed was natural and raised in Mecca.Read moreHow to write an essay about someone you admireHis father died before he was born and he lost his mother too at the age of six and thereafter lived with his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib as an orphan (Andrea, 78). Growing up as an orphan in Mecca was never easy even though he was well fed by his guardians. At a tender age of twelve, Mohammed had started winsome in trading journeys with his uncle. He therefore started to develop interest in commercial trade probably because that was the only option he had because he grew up as an orphan. Mohammed took up the career as a merchant in his later youth and was highly regarded as trustworthy and later ni ck nominated al-Amin.Mohammeds young days are really admirable and inspiring at the same time (Madelung, 59). He non only had an upright character but was alike a very hard working young man who tried and beat the odds despite his humble background. It was for his reputation that a forty year old widow called Khadijah who asked for his hand in marriage which he accepted and lived happily thereafter (Turner, 89). After the death of Khadijah, Mohammed married other women numbering about thirteen and he was survived by nine of them. One of them was called Aisha, who according to the Sunni Muslims was Mohammeds favorite companion.She is known for her instrumental work in bringing together the m whatsoever scattered Mohammeds sayings that later formed the Sunnis hadith literature. As a husband, Mohammed had a great reputation at a time when women were pocket-size regarded in the society. It is said that he participated in house chores like washing, cooking and even sewing clothes. Al though women were never treated fairly during the prophets time, Mohammed was passing exceptional with his women. He not only listened to his wives advice but also engaged them in dialogue and arguments.This is worth emulating in todays Muslim societies where women outride to suffer in the hands of their men (Andrea, 75). Mohammeds future prophetic life was said to have been prophesized by another Christian monk he met his focus to his many caravans from Mecca to Syria (Watt, 56). At the onset of his prophetic life, Mohammed was fond of visiting a cave in Mount Hira every year where he would ruminate for weeks. According to Islamic teachings, it was during one of the ritual meditations at Mount Hira when angel Gabriel descended and instructed him to say the following rule books Proclaim or read ) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created- Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood Proclaim And thy Lord is Most Bountiful, He Who taught (the use of) the pen, Taught man that which he knew not (Quran 96 1-5). Mohammed was very much disturbed by these revelations and knew the task required of him. He went home and shared with his wife Khadija and Khadijahs Christian cousin who consoled and reassured him that zipper bad would happen (Ramadan, 45). He was apprehensive of the news and did not know how he could get others to listen to what he was to say.His wife was the first to tell him she believed him and that Mohammed essential do what was told. The amazing thing about Mohammed is his faith and willingness to do what God commanded. He never gave up in his prayers even after a desist of almost three years after the initial revelation. He prayed continuously until God finally commanded him to start preaching the word to his people. He was living in Mekkah of Saudi Arabia when he began his teachings to the people. According to Islamic teachings, Mohammeds wife was the first person who believed that he was a prophet.His younger cousin call ed Ali Abi Talib and best friend Abu Bakr as well as his adopted son Zaid were to follow in believing in his prophesies (Turner, 102). Many of people from Mecca did not like or accept this mode of life and tried to kill Mohammed. He would be mocked or chased away by the Meccans who could not believe or understand his new way of life. The opposition to Prophet Mohammed in Mecca began when he started preaching against worshiping of the idols that was a common feature in Mecca city.He also became a threat to the pissed spiritual leaders who depended on the Kaaba, a major defining traditional feature of the Meccan religion which Mohammeds teachings would render obsolete. Due to these, most of his new converts were killed by the wealthy merchants and other opposing groups who never wanted their traditional religions interfered with. But Mohammed had to endure insults and ridicules only and could not be harmed or killed because he came from the Banu Hashim clan (Madelung, 56).He left and traveled to different places including Yemen before he went back to Saudi Arabia to live in the city called Medina. The people of Medina were accepting of him and listened to his advice. at that place were some people there who professed to Jewish or other religions, but they did not fight with Mohammed. He had a good reputation in Medina where he helped to solve a foresightful standing inter-ethnic conflict. A delegation comprising of representatives from all the clans involved in the fight between Jewish and Arabs in the Yathrib was sent to get Mohammed to arbitrate in the conflict.This did not only help him to escape the hostile city of Mecca but also enable him spread his teaching to various communities and clans in the greater Middle eastbound (Ramadan, 83). Mohammeds teachings really formed the foundation of the Islamic religion. One of the Muslims sources of spiritual inspiration is the hadith. The sunnah according the Islamic religion are deeds and sayings of the prop het Mohammed as preserved in the hadith and includes a variety of activities as well as beliefs such religious rituals, burial rituals, ad hominem hygiene and the love between man and God.It is supposed to guide every Muslim and so far has been a great influence to the Muslim acculturation allover the world. For example, Mohammed taught Muslims a greeting to offer one another may peace be upon you is wide used by Muslims from all corners of the world (Rahman, 69). The Sunnah has played an important role in the nerve and development of the religions sciences. Much of the prophets deeds and sayings have particularly contributed to the establishment of the Islamic law in the early years of the Islamic religion (Madelung, 78).The Sufis who sought to understand the inner meaning of the holy book, Quran and the true nature of the prophet, considered Mohammed not only as a mere prophet but as a perfect saint. Their spiritual descent is traced back to Prophet Mohammed (Rahman, 45). Moha mmed was not wish by many of the outside tribes living throughout the Middle East and they wanted to hurt him, they taught their children to throw stones at him during his travels (Andrea, 65). A great quality of Mohammed that I look to is his effort. He taught to others that a very important behavior in life is to have patience with all issues.People would come to Mohammed with many complaints or questions to try and trick him (Madelung, 56). Others would do many things to him so he would go away. In all of these events, he would wait quietly and think before he answered or acted. I admire his ability to restrain himself and not fight small issues. In this world today, I think that everyone could benefit from this lesson of patience. Too many people die and are left hurting from wars between people who have little patience. During the spread of Islam, Mohammed gave people a choice to convert to Islam or if they did not want to, they would need to pay money that is like a tax.The M uslims and other people who would pay could live in harmony, but the tribes who refused to pay and resisted the teaching of Islam would end up in a war. These people had killed family members of Mohammed and wanted to fight him. So Mohammed and a small army would go out to fight, for example the involvement of Badr City (Andrea, 67). The small Muslim army won the battles because God had given them the strength to fight an enemy who hated God and worshipped idols. When the battles were over, Mohammed never took prisoners and killed them on purpose.He showed mercy and compassion. Like the Prophet Jesus had taught the way to live is with mercy, compassion and love. It is the only way to live a correct life. If you look to any of the prophets, they are famous and different from all of the other people because they took chances and were disliked. They had to remain strong in their faith of God and be patient. It was no different for Mohammed. There are many times in my life that I becom e angry because people are mean or I lose patience with them but I try to look to the example Mohammed made for the Muslims to follow.I sit and read the Quran and hope to find a peace. Conclusion When the word was revealed to Mohammed, the world was in a bad situation. People were worshipping idols and hurting the less fortunate and women. It was like these people were acting like animals. Mohammed was very scared of how he would be accepted by the people and if they would reject the word of God. I admire the strength of Mohammed when he was faced with danger. I sometimes wish to have that strength, so I must remain strong in my faith to God and look to Him for guidance. This was an important teaching of the prophet Mohammed.When I came to America, I was afraid because I was new and did not know many people. Also, the news shows things that can make people afraid of Muslims and I know some people will not like me because of it. I try hard to live by the example Mohammed set for the Muslim people so I may have a good life. It has been good for me in America. By having patience, I have learned many things about this country and also made good friends. I hope that people can look past the bad news media makes for people and discover the good things about Mohammed because there are many lessons a person can learn from his life.

War At Sea Essay Example for Free

War At Sea EssayThroughout the contend the British fleets were superior. This was probably due to its large empire.1914 The first naval battle was on August 28 when the British raided Heligoland Bight. British destroyers entered this German naval base and fired torpedoes but the Germans sent out cruiser ships, which were bigger and stronger. The destroyers retreated to clear sea whilst being chased by the Germans and shot at by skirmish ships.In September, submarine warfare began when German submarine U-9, sank 3 British cruisers. Meanwhile, 3 British cruisers pursued 3 rival cruisers to the coast of Chile where on November 1st, the Battle of Coronel took place. The Germans drop 2 British cruisers without loosing 1 ship. When they heard of this the British Admiralty sent 2 more battle cruisers to sink the Germans, but they had gone to the Falkland Islands to raid a British wireless and coaling station. To their surprise they found a British squadron refuelling. The surprised , fleeing Germans were destroyed and 1,800 Germans died.In the Indian Ocean, the German ship Emden attacking small ports and sea-side villages (allies to the British) but later in the beginning of November was destroyed by an Australian cruiser.1915 On January 23rd, a German squadron went to raid the English coast, but the English had been warned, and sent a fleet to meet them. They met at Dogger Bank and the Germans fled. The British were faster and sunk one cruiser and their 2 flagships were damaged. Because of a misunderstanding of signals, the British attack was not as full on as it should have been so the stay German ships escaped.The reason the Americans got involved, was when the cruise liner Lusitania was torpedoed twice and sunk. 1,198 people died, 124 of them Americans. On August 19th, the British liner Arabic was lost and 4 more Americans died.1916 The Battle of Jutland This was the only naval full-scale battle in WorldWar 1. Neither side was prepared to loose this battle . On the 31st of May, the British Grand Fleet saw the full High Seas Fleet 98 German ships sailing together. twain the British fleets advanced. David Beattys fleet took a parallel pack to the German ships and reached them first followed by Hugh Evan-Thomass squadron.They opened fire and Beatty lost the ships Indefatigable and Queen Mary and received several hits to his flagship Lion. Beatty retreated to Sir John Jellicoes main fleet. Both sides sustained many losses and took many casualties. That night when the main battle was over, the Germans tried to escape. They ran into the tail of a line of cruisers following Jellicoes southbound fleet. Once they were by the chaotic firing, sinkings and collisions of the night they went back to the Jade Anchorage.1917 By 1917, Germany had built up its navy and because of this and unrestricted submarine warfare Britain almost had to pull out of the war at sea with their depleted navy. But they did not have to because Britain would of needed supplies, so some of the remaining ships of the British fleet joined with some American destroyers and escorted merchant ships to and from ports, whist destroying submarines. This was the convoy system. In February, March and April the Germans raided the English Channel, and in response, Britain raided Ostend and Zeebrugge several times. Later in the class, the British raided German coastal shipping in Holland and in November unsuccessfully raided German minesweeping operations in Heligoland Bight. In December the Germans raided several British-Scandinavian convoys. Britain lost many ships.1918 German submarine warfare had been decreased by the allied convoy system, but it had not been stopped completely. Raids were sent to Ostend, Zeebrugge and Bruges (3 ports where submarines operated) but were not very successful. 2 more German ships Battle cruiser Goeben and washy cruiser Breslau were attacked in the Aegean Sea. Breslau was sunk and Goeben was badly damaged.In March, the Ger mans made a large attack and this pushed back the Allies, but later in the year they retaliated and conquered the German navy, this won them and ended the war at sea.

Haveloche corporation Essay Example for Free

Haveloche corporation EssayHaveloche Corporation is a research and development caller, which translates into sporadic cash flows over time. thither be times when genius ideas bring in lots of cash flow for the company. However, there be also times where those genius ideas are shelved because no one has an interest in that patent. The ever changing cash flows prove to be difficult for decision making, especially when it comes to whether the company should give back to its investors or not. Haveloche is constantly faced with the predicament of deciding what dividend insurance is best for the organization and the investors. The companys CEO listed the stock prices and dividends for us to look at. There are 3 theories of investor preference for dividend versus capital gains (1) Dividend Irrelevance Theory or Modigliani Miller (2) Bird-in-the-hand Theory (3) Tax Preference Theory. According to Modigliani Miller (MM), the dividend policy has not feeling on the stock price of the i ncorruptible or the cost of capital. This theory states that investors reinvest the dividends back into the firm and the firms value is only based on the income produced from its assets, and not the dividends and retained earnings.According to the second theory, the Bird-in-the-hand theory, dividends are experiencen and stable and capital gains are unknown and uncertain. The dividend is less risky than capital gains. The risk of the firms cash flows in the long run is determined by the dividend payout policy according to this theory. According to the third theory, Tax Preference Theory, capital gains are preferred over dividends. Due to time value of money, a dollar paid in the future on taxes has a lower cost than a dollar paid on taxes in the present.Capital gains typically have better tax advantages than dividends, which is why some investors prefer to invest in companies that derogate dividends. Based on the scatter plot, I would have to say that Haveloche has chosen a variety of these different theories over the grades since they have been paying dividends. When the company needed to reinvest the money back into the company, they dividend was lowered. When the company had plenty of extra cash lying around, the dividend payout increased. Haveloche has been paying a dividend since its initial IPO, but those dividends vary from year to year. adept could argue that the dividend is guaranteed each year based on history, but the investor does not have a clue as to how what that dividend will be based off. Moreover, if you collect a look at the stock price from year to year, it widely fluctuate up and down. Investors in this do not know from year to year if the companys patents are going to strike it rich or if they are just going to be shelved. It being an RD company, it is a risky company, which investors know prior to taking the plunge with investing their hard earned money. Haveloches business is based on the unknown of whether the patents will be useful to electronics companies.The company whitethorn come up with something that it deems the next big thing, but it may not find a company that wants to use it. Investors in Haveloche are not in it specifically for the dividends. Investors are hoping for heavy payouts if Haveloche makes it big. The company needs to do more research and look into which dividend policies are working for the other small RD companies that work on patent projects. With more information and results, Haveloche would be able to make a more intelligent business decision about which dividend policy it should choose.

Academic Patient Communication for Nursing Students

Academic Patient Communication for Nursing StudentsThe Patient Care (Feel-Link) Project (PCP(FL)) is to help students to develop a patient-centered approach to the practice of medicine. To achieve this, I and a health check student, Nicole need to follow and interview a patient in an effort to discover the patient lived experience regarding issues of health and ailment. In this essay, the primary PCP(FL) visit, my thoughts and feelings will be described and evaluated based on evidence from the literature sources.Griffiths and Crookes (2006, p.186) suggest that multidisciplinary teams are needed in the health care frame to provide holistic care to patients with optimal use of existing resources, and limited cost. This project is the setoff step in enhancing interdisciplinary co-operation and understanding between breast feeding and medical students. Both I and Nicole are required to fill in a problem-oriented patient record (POPR) after each visit. We shed to co-operate with eac h opposite to recruit and interview one patient with the help of retain specialist (diabetes), Ms. Shimen Au at the Ruttonjee and Tang Shiu Kin Hospitals.The patient that we had recruited called Mrs. Leung who is a 52-year-old housewife. She is surely marital and lives with her husband. Her husband was unemployed and they had financial support offered from the government. She was suffered from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and rheumatoid arthritis virtually ten years ago and first diagnosed to have bipolar affective disorder at age of 22.After we had explained the aims of this project to Mrs. Leung, she signed two identical consent forms, one copy to be kept by the patient whilst the other to be returned to the tutor. Then, Nicole asked some basic demographic data based on the personal particular form. Mrs. Leung answered one by one accordingly. The POPR also requires us to gather very specific information, such as the past medical history and family backgrounds. When I had asked Mrs. Leung whether she had any children, suddenly the atmosphere in the room became silence. Mrs. Leung was non saying anything for a few seconds, and then she stated she did not have any children. I felt surprised that a married wo human at her age should have more than one child already. She explained that doctors had recommended her not to be pregnant in the past. So she was currently living with her husband only but she claimed that the relationship between she and her husband was poor. She had a conflict with her husband just before taking taxi to the hospital. She honestly knew that the reasons why her husband always grumbled about her because of her laziness to bushel and buy the necessities. There were quarrels with her husband almost every day. She felt guilty about it. I thought this might be caused by her mental illness and chronic diseases.According to Friedman (2002, p.193), social isolation is a major problem that chronically ill patients experience. Social rel ationships are often disrupted and jeopardized because of the patients decreased energy, limitations in mobility, communication impairment, or time required for symptom control. Mrs. Leung usually slept for 13-14 hours per day but she graded the quality of sleep was poor. Even she rated her current level of health as very poor. She described her mobility in daily life had been affected by rheumatoid arthritis causing the swelling the knee joints and interphalangeal joints of hands. thus she never did any exercise. I was worried that she would become obese and thus increase the risks of falling and having cardiovascular diseases. I felt regret I had not encouraged Mrs. Leung to do some simple exercise regularly so as to keeping active and not staying in bed for all days. I needed to find some suit equal to(p) exercise for her and advise her to do exercise in the next visit.Friedman (2002) points out illness is especially likely to be subject to the influence of other people since it usually has important implications for a persons friends and associates (p.64) Mrs. Leung was concerned that her first love with a Japanese man at the tender age of 19. She was still thinking about him and she had tried to commit suicide in the past. When her husband heard about she was mouthing about that Japanese man, they would have quarrels for a long period of time. The negative emotions could really influence people around the patient. I was speechless at that time and I could only say to Mrs. Leung that her husband was care about her and tell her not to think about the past anymore. I thought I would perform disclose in the next visit as I had known some basic information of Mrs. Leung already.In conclusion, I think it is right that a nurse essential be able to express opinions clearly and confidently. Good communication skills are essential for nurses, and are important in nearly all aspects of medicine. I feel that I will be more confident in dealing with patients and m ore effective in taking a patient medical history, for example. Developing greater confidence in how I communicate can lead to patients having greater trust in me as their nurse. Improving my skills in this champaign will also make me more effective in discussing cases with colleagues, and in participating in teams when necessary.This visit made me realized that I can talk confidently once I overcome my initial fears. It demonstrated to me that in order to make progress or create positive change you must first acknowledge that a problem exists. This is a lesson which may be useful in better understanding patient behaviour and attitudes. Often the first step to improving a situation, or dealing with a problem, is accepting that some change is necessary and I might be more able to impart this information to patients having experienced this visit. Overall, this visit has had a positive impact on both my studies and on the development of skills needed in my future career.(Word weigh 9 88words)

Injury Risk in Elite Basketball Players

Injury Risk in elect Basketb all told PlayersThe elite basketball pseud is argueed in this piece non only in call of his potential for hurt but too in terms of the potential of the physiotherapist and other athleticss professionals, to give advice, support and guidance so that he whitethorn practice his chosen gas as safely as is reasonably possible.We devour looked at the nature, relative relative incidence and sites of injuries bear on. We deport looked at the two roughly ordinarily injure sites (the stifle joint and mortise joint) in particularised s exceed. We keep in whatever case discussed the relevant modalities of treat handst that a physiotherapist bottom provide for their clients.There appears to be extensive controversy in the current literature, particularly in the field of pre-exercise stretching. As this is commonplacely accepted practice by participants, coaches, trainers and mutations medicine professionals alike, we rich person revie wed the arguments two for and against in about detail. We drive paid particular tutelage to its value in the prophylaxis of combat daub and the evidence to support it.The role of the physiotherapist in education and home puzzle out of the elite athlete is also discussed. There be a list of sources quoted who touch it as a prime responsibility of the physiotherapist to give the athlete the watch to dispense with them to train and participate as safely and effectively as possible.We have also portion outed the role of the physiotherapist in the prophylaxis of blur by looking at the various modalities of interference and interference that finish be employed to make the field of play a safer place.In addition to the main-stream elite basketball player we have also looked at the role of the physiotherapist in the role of helping the disabled basketball player, some of whom have achieved elite status in their testify right. They have their own specific problems and thes e be reviewed and discussed.Lastly we look at the specific gender differences in the shimmer. With m whatsoever women conveying that the sport is attractive, they participate at a top level of achievement. We look at the reasons why they have a different wound profile to men, both(prenominal) in terms of physiques of injuries but also in terms of the frequency of specific pillow slips of flaw. The mechanisms of this difference is discussed together with the means whereby it can be addressed. mental hospitalBasketball is a world-wide sport practised by children in their backyard, adolescents in their playground, amateurs in their league crippleds and elite athletes in their world-st date arenas. It is by any standards a lush plump for with inevitable physical contact, both wise(p) and accidental consonant. Both these factors expand to the potential for flaw.The explosive effort for the fast moves leads to particular pattern of muscle, ligament and tendon imperfect ion (see on) and the physical contact can lead to bruises, dislocations, fractures some other injuries. It is a sport that is enjoyed by both sexes. Although it was originally conceived primarily as a male sport (for the YMCA)in an era when female elaboration in sport was a rarity, women now participate in it to elite levels and suffer injury to a similar finale to their male counterparts.The game itself has evolved dramatically since its humble beginnings when Dr pile Naismith nailed two peach baskets at the ends of his gymnasium in 1891 (hence the name basketball) It was developed as a mechanism for fitness training by the YMCA. By 1927 The Harlem Globetrotters had been organize and by 1936 it was included as an Olympic sport. According to FIBA (Basketball governing body) over 400 million multitude play basketball on a world-wide flat coatTraining for the fitness ask to play the sport can also lead touts own problems. whizz wide break down by Ruhr M Kuala et al. (1994) (1) gear up that of all the injuries associated with basketball, 50% occurred during the markes and 50% occurred during training for the matches. This should be contrasted with the finding in study by Meeuwisse et al.(2) where injuries during the game were 3.7 time as potential to occur as in training.One could reasonably conclude that a large proportion of the injuries continue in the prove and thrust of a full scale match are part of the risk package accepted in playing the game. The huge proportion of injuries sustained whilst training, however, should be largely preventable, as training should be ideally undertaken in care in full controlled circumstances. The physiotherapist, personal trainer and sports medicine specializer are ideally displace to advise and oversee poor practice in the training arena and to give advice and guidance to maximise training efficiency and to reduce the toll of injury. any(prenominal) experienced sports care professional allow secern you that the wizard most(prenominal) important factor in determining the likelihood of sustaining an injury is the occurrence of a previous injury (2). It therefore follows that prevention of any injury provide help, non only in better the immediate efficiency of the player, but testament also confer protection against the possibility of take place injury in any given site.Before we ask the mechanisms and prophylaxis of injuries in basketball, it would be prudent to consider the find injuries from the sport, both in absolute number and site. The study by Meeuwisse(2003) (2) followed a cohort of 142 basketball players over a two year termination and discovered that 44.7% of the players were injured in that time frame. As they recorded over 200 injuries in that time, it is clear that many players were injured more than than once.The study by Ruhr M Kuala et al. (1994) (1) will be extensively quoted in this piece as it provides an enormous measuring stick of meticulously colle cted data which has a high pointedness of confidence in its validity. It was based in Finland where the world has a particularly regimented system of bureaucratic personal information storage, especially with regard to injury and healthcare details. The entire population has to be registered with a nationally based health insurance, which records e rattling accident and injury. This is of enormous value to studies such as this, as accu position statistics about entities such as specific sporting injuries can be derived comparatively easily.The study is also important in this specific regard as it encompasses an enormous cohort of basketball players analysing 39,541person old age of basketball experience and 3,472 specific injuries. Its worth considering the patterns of injury put in some detail as it has an impact on the deliberations in this piece.In terms of age distribution, it was found that injuries in thunder 15 yr. age group were comparatively lofty and that the injury rate peaked in the 20 24 yr. age groups.Percentage of injuries by sites in basketball players (These results are slightly limited with some trivia removed)Injury Site % of total put down limb Total 56.0 Thigh 2.5 Knee 15.8 Leg 2.0 mortise-and-tenon joint joint 31.4 invertebrate ft 4.0 Other 0.4Upper arm total 19.3 Upper arm + Shoulder 2.6 forearm and elbow 1.3 Palm + radiocarpal joint Fingers 11.1 Other 0.4Other Sites Total 24.7 Teeth 5.2 Eyes 3.0 Head + know 7.4 Thorax + Abdomen 1.5 Back 5.4 Pelvis 0.9 nine-fold sites 1.4There are clearly a number of striking trends in these figures. The lower limbs sustaining the most injuries with 56% of the total. The mortise-and-tenon joint and knee taking the lions share of these. These results are clearly fairly predictable with the nature of the sport existence iodine(a) of emergent changes of acceleration and direction, many changes of direction(pivoting) involving turning forces impinging maximally on the knee and ankle.Both joints are intrinsically unstable for these modalities of military campaigns. They are designed to be most effective in passing gameing and running in a straight line. Although they can accommodate twisting movements, they are much little mechanically sanitary in these directions. The possibility of unanticipated, and therefore unraced, impacts is endemic in the sport and will accession the possibility of injury to these joins in particular.The upper limb has a significant tally of injuries with the bulk be to the palm, wrist and fingers. Although it is not specified in this particular study, any experienced clinician would expect to see substantial proportion of hyperextensions and dislocations to the fingers and sprains and strains to the wrist (this is partially amplified in the next section).For a sport that involves considerable manipulative and throwing skills, it is, perhaps, surprising that the shoulder and upper arm broadsheet for only 2.6% of all the injuries. In contrast to the commentarys made about the knee and ankle, one can postulate that the shoulder, by virtue of its design to accommodate a much greater chuck and compass of movement, is less(prenominal) likely to be injured in the way that the knee and ankle are.Also, in the course of the modal(prenominal) game, it is subject to rather less overall mechanical force as both the knee and ankle have to assimilate peak loads of several times the body lading whereas the shoulder, unless involved in a fall, does not.Of the Other Sites, the pick out and back are the commonest sites for injury. To a large extent, this again is a reflection of the explosive nature of the game with frequent changes of direction and velocity with high levels of acceleration.Having treasure the major sites of injury it is now prudent to discuss the main lawsuits of injury.Percentage injury by type in basketball players (These results are slightly modified with some trivia removed)Injury type + site % of t otalSprains +strains 61.3 Knee 12.4 Ankle 29.5Bruises + Wounds 22.2Fractures 12.6 Fracture (other than dental) 7.6 Foot + ankle 18.5 Lower limb (other) 3.8 Fingers Palm + wrist 57.0 Upper limb (other) 4.2 Other (nondental) 16.6 Dental 4.9Dislocations 1.7 Knee 0.5 Shoulder + elbow 0.3 Fingers 0.3 Others 2.2Sprains and strains are the commonest type of injury in this sport with the ankle cosmos the most frequently injured site in this respect. Considerable amounts of work and research have been make(2,3,4,5,6,7,8) to try to find mechanisms whereby ankle injuries can beat least decreased in both frequency and severity. This will be discussed in detail after. Knee strains and sprains are the next most frequent at12.4%. Similar amounts of work have been done to find ways of minimising knee injuries (9,10,11).The knee injury is notorious for producing long-term debilitating problems as not only is the penetrative injury tortureful and potentially debilitating in itself, but there is also the potential for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) malign and meniscal damage and wear as well. This may not be immediately apparent but may contribute to morbidity at a later date. This study (1) found that knee injuries were the most common ca give of permanent disability In the longer term. During the time frame of this study, four basketball players sustained permanent injuries.In specific relation to knee and ankle injury, the Meiuwess study(2) found that the situation can be further amplified by the finding that the greatest number of injuries which resulted in seven or more sessions being lost in a season arose from the knee. Equally striking was the fact that the most common injury that involved less than seven sessions being lost, were injuries to the ankle. This underlines the comment made earlier that knee injuries tend to be potentially more wicked than ankle injuriesBruises and wounds account for over 1/5th of the total types of injury and fractures account for provided over 1/10th. In line with the comments made earlier about the frequency of hand, finger and wrist injury, it will come as no surprise therefore to see that the hand and wrist accounts for over half of the total of fractures. The foot and ankle account for 18.5% of total fractures.This is a regression of the figures relating to site of injury. It would therefore appear that the hand gets injured less frequently that the foot, but when it does, its more likely to sustain the more serious (fracture) type of injury. Although the foot is more likely to be injured, it is more likely to suffer a strain or sprain rather than a fracture.In the study by Home et al.,(2004) (12) There was an unexpected, and slightly worrying, conclusion. They found that, in a study of fractures in sport, that (for men at least) basketball was the sport that put the participants at greatest risk of sustaining a fracture.The Knee and BasketballAs we have already discussed, a knee injury is potentially m ore serious than just the implication of the immediate acute injury. For that reason, and for the fact that it is one of the two most ordinarily injured champaigns, we will look at the knee as a specific entity.We know that the single most important predictor for further injury is the past tale of a preceding original injury. The knee is also significant insofar as the normal maxim of rest a joint until the inflammation has colonized is rarely practical, as the knee is essential for travel and, as any experienced clinician knows, the vast majority of patients with resolving knee injuries will wait until the pain subsides to a tolerable level, and then start to walk on it.This effectively means that the joint is being stressed while resolving inflammation is present. ab initio this may manifest itself as no more than a mildly aching knee, but it is likely that menisci, symmetric ligaments and articular surfaces are all being stressed in a less than optimal state.It is likely, on a first gear principles basis, that this type of mechanism may be, in part at least, obligated for the increase levels of arthritis and arthritis that is observed in lifelong athletes. (13,14)The report by Meeuwisse (2) has been quoted several times in this piece. It is worth remembering that his police squad found that the knee counterbalance joint which, if injured, gave rise to the longest periods of incapacity. It is therefore prudent to consider the mechanisms of injury, the treatment of those injuries and, possibly more importantly in the context of this piece, what can be done to minimise the incidence and impact of those injuries.We would praise an fine musical theme by Bahr (2001) (3) on the subject. He discusses (amongst other things) the current thinking on knee injuries. He makes comment on the increasing incidence of cruciate ligament injuries. These injuries are seen with greatest frequency in athletes who participate in sports that involve pivoting a movem ent which involves a fixed foot on the floor being used as a fulcrum topspin the body around a movement which can put huge rotational stresses on the knee joint. As has been observed earlier in this piece, the knee is designed primarily to be efficient in dealing with movement in a sagittal plane. It is very ill adapted to deal with rotational stresses.Bahr observes that the maximal incidence of cruciate ligament injury is in the 15-25 yr. old age group and in women three to five times more frequently than in men (see on) (14). He also invokes to the post-injury, long-term complications of abnormal joint mechanics and the early onset of chronic joint distemper (15).Significantly he points to the fact that, although there has been an increasing trend of late (mainly be gravel of improved operating techniques) to get to repair menisci and cruciate ligaments, this has not been accompanied by an apparent reduction in the rate of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Similarly, arthrosc opic repair of isolated meniscal damage has not been shown to reduce the incidence of arthritis. These factors all mitigate the argument that, although treatment is important, the denomination of risk factors that predispose to injury is even more important.The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is commonly injured in circumstances that many athletes would consider as normal or routine for their particular sport. Frequently the damage occurs without direct physical contact to the knee (9). This is pixilated evidence to support the design fault explanation of the aetiology. There is youthful anecdotal data to suggest that improving the control of the knee may have an impact in reducing the incidence of these injuries.This views back up in a paper by Carafe (10) who looked at improving the proprioceptive and balance mechanisms in footballers over a three season period. They report an 87% decrease in the incidence of injuries to the ACL. It may be significant that they analyze semi- professional and amateur footballers who, presumably, did not train as efficiently of as skillfully as their professional footballer counterparts and therefore there was probably considerable room for improvement.Similarly constructed studies have shown similar pattern of improvement in new-fashioned female football (11) and handball (16) players using a similar programme of training over a season. As has been pointed out earlier, such changes are more likely to be noticeable in females because of the higher incidence of ACL injury in the first place.Bahr points out that these studies were as well as small to allow a decorous statistical evaluation of the reduction of injury to the ACL specifically, but there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the risk of serious knee injury can be importantly reduced by the introduction of structured training exercises that focus on improving the neuron-muscular control of the knee.Bahr makes the very salient point that balance (propriocept ive)training is not nevertheless universally recognised by coaches and trainers as useful tool. As a result, he argues that it is the responsibility of doctors and physiotherapists to unfold the knowledge that such training does reduce the incidence of serious short-term (and therefore long-term) knee injury.Anterior knee pain is a common, sometimes inveterate presenting symptom in any sports related health professionals clinic. There are many theories as to its aetiology and it is notoriously resistant to treatment. An unattributed paper (quoted by Minerva in the BMJ) (17)refers to Jumpers knee where the pain is maximal near the attachment of the patella ligament. Ultrasound of the region can show an area of increased echogenicity in the inferior pole of the patella. Minerva quotes the study as observing that of 100 athletes seen in one clinic,18 had to give up their sport for over a year and about 1/3rd needed surgery in influence to try to get resolution of the problem.In con clusion to this section we would refer the reader to the excellent paper by Adams WB (2004) (18) who reviews the current thinking on treatment options on both overuse syndromes and trauma tithe knee.The Ankle and BasketballAs we have seen earlier, the ankle is the single most commonly injured site in the body during basketball comprising 31.4% of all the injuries observed (1) and ankle strains and sprains were the single commonest mechanism of injury observed with 1/3rd of all such injuries and 1/5th of all fractures. We will therefore also consider the ankles a special case.Bahr (3) quotes that in round figures 20% of sports related injuries involve the ankle. The vast majority of ankle injuries are simple sprains of the lateral and medial ankle ligaments. Proper functional care will allow the patient to return to work within a few days, or at worst a few weeks, with minimal squeal. Some sprains are found to cause prolonged disability in the form of chronic instability or persisten t pain.Prophylaxis of injury is discussed elsewhere in this piece but it should be noted that taping and bracing are commonly employed techniques for protection, but their efficacy has only been exhibit in sportsmen with a history of previous injury (5,6).There is little doubt that taping and bracing will reduce the incidence of sprains and result in less severe strains. High-top basketball boots have been introduced recently on the assumption that similar boots (18a) (viz. ski boots) reduce the incidence of ankle injury, but it has not however produced any specific evidence that sprains and strains are reduced.duad seen to be more effective than tape in preventing sprains of the ankle (7,8) Bracing has the advantage that it is more delicious in terms of comfort for long-term use (6). Taping is commonly used but appears to be less effective than braces because it relies on tenderness to the skin to exert its protective influence. It can cause skin irritation and has to be reappl ied on virtually every occasion where potential stress can occur.One of the major problems of doing research into ankle injuries is that soft and subjective measurements such as pain and immobility can be easily assessed, but the ankle joint is a very functionally Byzantine structure and quantitative measurements of anything other than flexion/extension or rotation an very difficult. Its therefore inspiriting to read of a Dutch group who are developing a specially designed goniometer to use in researching the pathology of the ankle joint (19). This is only mentioned for the interest group of completeness and we do not propose to go into any detail about the instrument.There is an excellent word by McKay on ankle injuries in basketball (20) but this is discussed at some length in the section on prophylaxis of injuries.Treatment of injuriesThe treatment of sports related injuries is a vast take and specialism in itself. The sports medicine medical specialist and the physiotherap ist sports specialist are technically knowledgeable volume who have had to assimilate a vast quantity of information relative to their specialisation.It is therefore not proposed to present the topic in any great detail but to cover the elements of treatment of acute injuries and their subsequent treatment that are specifically important to the field of basketball. We will also present a brief literature review of some of the most recent papers in the field.In general terms, the old apothegm of ICE (immobilisation, compression and elevation) (20b) is a useful first-aid mnemonic which will help to minimise injury front to assessment by a more specialist professional.In this article it is proposed to look primarily at the aspects of treatment which impinge on the areas covered in this piece and broad overviews. We shall restrict ourselves here to a brief literature review of some of the most important recent papersThe area of dental trauma is highlighted in the analysis by Kujalae t al. (1994) (1) with 5.0% of all basketball injuries being dental. Airport by Randall (2005) (21) discusses the impact of dental injuries and suggests that sports field medical personnel should have at least basic training in the first-aid of dental injuries so that they can, at least, provide appropriate care until a dental specialist can be properly involved.A particularly polemical issue is raised by Dietzel and Hedlund(2005) (22) They review the current controversy about the use of analgesic and anti-inflammatory injections both in the acute phase of injury (to allow continued participation in a sporting event) or in the chronic recuperation phase. This is a particularly well balanced article which evaluates both sides of the arguments for and against the use of injectable medications.Sanchez et al.(2005) (23) review the desperately important area of management of the potentially spine-injured athlete. This is an area which has had substantial changes in management technique s in the recent past. This paper is a particularly useful review of techniques of diagnosis and stabilisation of the injured athlete. Very significantly it highlights the role of pre-injury planning so often unmarked on the sports field.There are two recent papers which examine the thorny problem of misfortune on the sports field (24,25). This has long posed a problem for the supervising healthcare specialist, both in terms of immediate diagnosis and subsequent go through and treatment. The working rule of thumb has been that any player with definite signs of concussion(impaired consciousness or increased level of confusion) should be taken off the field and not returned to play for 48 hrs. In practice, this advice may be ignored by coaches who are anxious to keep their best players on the field and who may be ignorant of the potential side effects. McKean (24) and Johnston et al. (25) review the arguments in coherent manner and present the current thinking in a modern context .Injury types in relation to position playedThere are few studies that actually compare the rates and types of injury with actual position played on the court. given(p) the fact that Kuala, (1) reports that 50% of injuries are sustained in training rather than on the court, this may prove to be rather academic.The study by Meeuwisse (2003) (2), was one of the few that looked at this issue and regarded it as strictly peripheral to the main mechanism of injury. However , they summed up the findings of the study in the phrase Centres had the highest rate of injury, followed by guards, and then forwards. The relative risk of re-injury was significantly increased by previous injuries to the elbow, shoulder, knee, hand, lower spine or pelvis, and by concussions.As part of their conclusions the research team commented that the predictive risk factors for injury were, in order of importance previous injury, number of games played, the number of player contacts during a game, player posit ion, and court location (this is a reference to the proximity to a hospital). In veritable terms, the players position is of much less importance in predicting injury than many other factorsClinical considerationsThe clinical implications of basketball injury must be viewed in the context of the benefits derived from playing any competitive sport or indeed pursuing any academic degree of fitness. Virtually any sporting endeavour has a downside and indeed risks associated with it, but equally there are very considerable benefits to be gained as well. By concentrating (by necessity) on the risks of injury in basketball in this article we do not wish to ignore the balancing perspective of the health gains to also be derived. all the way, one of the major benefits to be gained is the concurrent increase in cardiovascular fitness (13) This is in addition to the less easily quantifiable benefits of general fitness, genial interaction, increase in self-confidence and satisfaction in par ticipation which are common to most sporting endeavours.The study by Kuala et al. (1993) (13) looked at the incidence of degenerative joint conditions in elite athletes. It found that participation in sports by and large could lead to untimely osteoarthritis. Specifically it found that, in the elite global athletes studied there was a greater than predicted admission rate to hospital for treatments for osteoarthritis of the hip, knee and ankle. Very significantly, in the context of this article on physiotherapy, it concluded that proper treatment of injuries to these joints could significantly reduce the incidence of premature osteoarthritis in this group. It should be noted that this was a large control moderated study of over 2000 international athletes so the findings are clearly significant disablement and basketballIt is important not to ignore the fact that basketball is played, not only by able sportsmen but also by those who have a concurrent disability as well. This gro up also presents a professional problem for the physiotherapist as. non only are there the normal considerations for the able player that we have discussed in this piece, but also there may well be disability-specific considerations in the disabled player which will tax the physiotherapist every bit as much as those in their able-bodied counterparts. In consideration of this we would commend the reader to an excellent article by Chula (1994) (26) which discusses inconsiderable depth, the whole issue of sports specific medical considerations for people with a disability.The use of sports for the disabled as a therapeutic measure was championed by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who was a specialist in spinal injuries. He pointed out not only the obvious physical benefits to be gained in improving functions of the body which the paraplegic ortetraplegic had not fully exploited in their pre-injury state togetherwith the obvious cardiovascular benefits that could be obtained, but healso pointed to the psychological benefits to be gained by socialisingand competing against others.The Disabled Persons Employment execution (1944) was the first majorlegislative landmark in the effective rehabilitation of the disabledperson back into society and other legislation relating todiscrimination generally has helped the disabled person to achievelevels of attainment in sport that would have been unthinkable half acentury ago.The comments that have been made in this piece in relation toable-bodied people obviously apply, in general terms, to the disabledperson as well. Clearly it depends on the nature of the disability asto what specific measures need to be employed specifically, but thebasic principles are the same. vigor groups need to be developed inorder to protect the joints that they work over. This is particularlyrelevant to the knee.Appropriate proprioceptive skills need to beenhanced if the risk of injury is to be kept to an acceptable minimum.More specific considerations th at may involve the occupationaltherapist as well as the physiotherapist may include the prevention ofpressure problems from a wheelchair or calliper or the use ofrestraints in a patient who has sudden muscular spasms, so that theyare not thrown out of the wheelchair.The experienced physiotherapist will be well aware of the benefitsof sport in the disabled in improving strength, co-ordination andendurance. Basketball, in particular, is commonly employed in thewheelchair-bound patient, who has to learn transferable skills in orderto propel the wheel chair accurately as well as catch, intercept andpass the ball.Prophylaxis and pre-injury actionsEarlier in this piece we briefly discussed a paper by Sanchez (23).and commended it for its tackling of the problem of anticipating an injury. This involved a significant amount of pre-planning andorganisation on the court and field of play. Such issues are of vitalimportance to the athletes although they may not either realise orappreciate it a t the time.This type of forward thinking can lead to dramatic reductions in morbidity (or even in mortality) and should be the concern of each and every healthcare professional who is working in the field of acute sports injury.Prophylaxis can be considered not only as actual pre-planning thecourse of action needed if an injury is sustained (viz. are theresplints, bandages, sterile water and gloves etc. forthcoming?) but equally it can be considered as the correct training and preparation ofboth the players and the game officials, so that the game itself can beplayed in conditions of optimum safety. Although the first of these two considerations is clearly important, in the context of this piece, weshall consider the second element in detail.Prophylaxis of injury is a major concern. We have discussed thepredictive value of a preexistent injury. It follows that, if thatinjury can be prevented, then the subject is statistically less likelyto suffer a further injury.Common sense is b ehind the definitive recommendation in the paperby Kuala et al., (1) where he states that, in an attempt to reduce the incidence of injuries in basketball, specific preventative measuresshould be employed to reduce the number of violent contacts betweenplayers. He cites improving the drafting of game rules so that violentinfringements of the rules can be moInjury Risk in Elite Basketball PlayersInjury Risk in Elite Basketball PlayersThe elite basketball player is considered in this piece not only in terms of his potential for injury but also in terms of the potential of the physiotherapist and other sports professionals, to give advice, support and guidance so that he may practice his chosen sport as safely as is reasonably possible.We have looked at the nature, incidence and sites of injuries sustained. We have looked at the two most commonly injured sites (the knee and ankle) in specific detail. We have also discussed the relevant modalities of treatment that a physiotherapist can provide for their clients.There appears to be considerable controversy in the current literature, particularly in the field of pre-exercise stretching. As this is commonly accepted practice by participants, coaches, trainers and sports medicine professionals alike, we have reviewed the arguments both for and against in some detail. We have paid particular attention to its value in the prophylaxis of injury and the evidence to support it.The role of the physiotherapist in education and training of the elite athlete is also discussed. There are a number of sources quoted who regard it as a prime responsibility of the physiotherapist to give the athlete the information to allow them to train and participate as safely and effectively as possible.We have also considered the role of the physiotherapist in the prophylaxis of injury by looking at the various modalities of treatment and intervention that can be employed to make the field of play a safer place.In addition to the main-stream elite basketball player we have also looked at the role of the physiotherapist in the role of helping the disabled basketball player, some of whom have achieved elite status in their own right. They have their own specific problems and these are reviewed and discussed.Lastly we look at the specific gender differences in the sport. With many women finding that the sport is attractive, they participate at a top level of achievement. We look at the reasons why they have a different injury profile to men, both in terms of numbers of injuries but also in terms of the frequency of specific types of injury. The mechanisms of this difference is discussed together with the means whereby it can be addressed.IntroductionBasketball is a world-wide sport practised by children in their backyard, adolescents in their playground, amateurs in their league games and elite athletes in their world-stage arenas. It is by any standards a fast game with inevitable physical contact, both intentional and accidental. Both these factors lead to the potential for injury.The explosive effort for the fast moves leads to particular pattern of muscle, ligament and tendon injury (see on) and the physical contact can lead to bruises, dislocations, fractures another injuries. It is a sport that is enjoyed by both sexes. Although it was originally conceived primarily as a male sport (for the YMCA)in an era when female participation in sport was a rarity, women now participate in it to elite levels and suffer injury to a similar extent to their male counterparts.The game itself has evolved dramatically since its humble beginnings when Dr James Naismith nailed two peach baskets at the ends of his gymnasium in 1891 (hence the name basketball) It was developed as a tool for fitness training by the YMCA. By 1927 The Harlem Globetrotters had been formed and by 1936 it was included as an Olympic sport. According to FIBA (Basketball governing body) over 400 million people play basketball on a world-wi de basisTraining for the fitness needed to play the sport can also lead touts own problems. One huge study by Ruhr M Kuala et al. (1994) (1) found that of all the injuries associated with basketball, 50% occurred during the matches and 50% occurred during training for the matches. This should be contrasted with the finding in study by Meeuwisse et al.(2) where injuries during the game were 3.7 times as likely to occur as in training.One could reasonably conclude that a large proportion of the injuries sustained in the cut and thrust of a full scale match are part of the risk package accepted in playing the game. The huge proportion of injuries sustained whilst training, however, should be largely preventable, as training should be ideally undertaken in carefully controlled circumstances. The physiotherapist, personal trainer and sports medicine specialist are ideally placed to advise and oversee poor practice in the training arena and to give advice and guidance to maximise training efficiency and to reduce the toll of injury.Any experienced sports care professional will tell you that the single most important factor in determining the likelihood of sustaining an injury is the occurrence of a previous injury (2). It therefore follows that prevention of any injury will help, not only in improving the immediate efficiency of the player, but will also confer protection against the possibility of recurring injury in any given site.Before we consider the mechanisms and prophylaxis of injuries in basketball, it would be prudent to consider the observed injuries from the sport, both in absolute number and site. The study by Meeuwisse(2003) (2) followed a cohort of 142 basketball players over a two year period and discovered that 44.7% of the players were injured in that time frame. As they recorded over 200 injuries in that time, it is clear that many players were injured more than once.The study by Ruhr M Kuala et al. (1994) (1) will be extensively quoted in this pi ece as it provides an enormous amount of meticulously collected data which has a high degree of confidence in its validity. It was based in Finland where the population has a particularly regimented system of bureaucratic personal information storage, especially with regard to injury and healthcare details. The entire population has to be registered with a nationally based health insurance, which records every accident and injury. This is of enormous value to studies such as this, as accurate statistics about entities such as specific sporting injuries can be derived comparatively easily.The study is also important in this specific regard as it encompasses an enormous cohort of basketball players analysing 39,541person years of basketball experience and 3,472 specific injuries. Its worth considering the patterns of injury found in some detail as it has an impact on the deliberations in this piece.In terms of age distribution, it was found that injuries in thunder 15 yr. age group we re comparatively rare and that the injury rate peaked in the 20 24 yr. age groups.Percentage of injuries by sites in basketball players (These results are slightly modified with some trivia removed)Injury Site % of totalLower limb Total 56.0 Thigh 2.5 Knee 15.8 Leg 2.0 Ankle 31.4 Foot 4.0 Other 0.4Upper Limb total 19.3 Upper arm + Shoulder 2.6 Forearm and elbow 1.3 Palm + wrist Fingers 11.1 Other 0.4Other Sites Total 24.7 Teeth 5.2 Eyes 3.0 Head + neck 7.4 Thorax + Abdomen 1.5 Back 5.4 Pelvis 0.9 Multiple sites 1.4There are clearly a number of striking trends in these figures. The lower limbs sustaining the most injuries with 56% of the total. The ankle and knee taking the lions share of these. These results are clearly fairly predictable with the nature of the sport being one of sudden changes of acceleration and direction, many changes of direction(pivoting) involving turning forces impinging maximally on the knee and ankle.Both joints are intrinsically unstable for these modali ties of movements. They are designed to be most effective in walking and running in a straight line. Although they can accommodate twisting movements, they are much less mechanically sound in these directions. The possibility of unanticipated, and therefore unraced, impacts is endemic in the sport and will increase the possibility of injury to these joins in particular.The upper limb has a substantial tally of injuries with the bulk being to the palm, wrist and fingers. Although it is not specified in this particular study, any experienced clinician would expect to see substantial proportion of hyperextensions and dislocations to the fingers and sprains and strains to the wrist (this is partially amplified in the next section).For a sport that involves considerable manipulative and throwing skills, it is, perhaps, surprising that the shoulder and upper arm account for only 2.6% of all the injuries. In contrast to the comments made about the knee and ankle, one can postulate that the shoulder, by virtue of its design to accommodate a much greater range and compass of movement, is less likely to be injured in the way that the knee and ankle are.Also, in the course of the normal game, it is subject to rather less overall mechanical force as both the knee and ankle have to assimilate peak loads of several times the body weight whereas the shoulder, unless involved in a fall, does not.Of the Other Sites, the neck and back are the commonest sites for injury. To a large extent, this again is a reflection of the explosive nature of the game with frequent changes of direction and velocity with high levels of acceleration.Having recognised the major sites of injury it is now prudent to discuss the main types of injury.Percentage injury by type in basketball players (These results are slightly modified with some trivia removed)Injury type + site % of totalSprains +strains 61.3 Knee 12.4 Ankle 29.5Bruises + Wounds 22.2Fractures 12.6 Fracture (other than dental) 7.6 Foot + ankle 18.5 Lower limb (other) 3.8 Fingers Palm + wrist 57.0 Upper limb (other) 4.2 Other (nondental) 16.6 Dental 4.9Dislocations 1.7 Knee 0.5 Shoulder + elbow 0.3 Fingers 0.3 Others 2.2Sprains and strains are the commonest type of injury in this sport with the ankle being the most frequently injured site in this respect. Considerable amounts of work and research have been done(2,3,4,5,6,7,8) to try to find mechanisms whereby ankle injuries can beat least reduced in both frequency and severity. This will be discussed in detail later. Knee strains and sprains are the next most frequent at12.4%. Similar amounts of work have been done to find ways of minimising knee injuries (9,10,11).The knee injury is notorious for producing long-term debilitating problems as not only is the acute injury horrifying and potentially debilitating in itself, but there is also the potential for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) damage and meniscal damage and wear as well. This may not be immediately appar ent but may contribute to morbidity at a later date. This study (1) found that knee injuries were the most common cause of permanent disability In the longer term. During the time frame of this study, four basketball players sustained permanent injuries.In specific relation to knee and ankle injury, the Meiuwess study(2) found that the situation can be further amplified by the finding that the greatest number of injuries which resulted in seven or more sessions being lost in a season arose from the knee. Equally striking was the fact that the most common injury that involved less than seven sessions being lost, were injuries to the ankle. This underlines the comment made earlier that knee injuries tend to be potentially more serious than ankle injuriesBruises and wounds account for over 1/5th of the total types of injury and fractures account for just over 1/10th. In line with the comments made earlier about the frequency of hand, finger and wrist injury, it will come as no surprise therefore to see that the hand and wrist accounts for over half of the total of fractures. The foot and ankle account for 18.5% of total fractures.This is a reversal of the figures relating to site of injury. It would therefore appear that the hand gets injured less frequently that the foot, but when it does, its more likely to sustain the more serious (fracture) type of injury. Although the foot is more likely to be injured, it is more likely to suffer a strain or sprain rather than a fracture.In the study by Home et al.,(2004) (12) There was an unexpected, and slightly worrying, conclusion. They found that, in a study of fractures in sport, that (for men at least) basketball was the sport that put the participants at greatest risk of sustaining a fracture.The Knee and BasketballAs we have already discussed, a knee injury is potentially more serious than just the implication of the immediate acute injury. For that reason, and for the fact that it is one of the two most commonly in jured areas, we will look at the knee as a specific entity.We know that the single most important predictor for further injury is the past history of a preceding original injury. The knee is also significant insofar as the normal maxim of rest a joint until the inflammation has settled is rarely practical, as the knee is essential for locomotion and, as any experienced clinician knows, the vast majority of patients with resolving knee injuries will wait until the pain subsides to a tolerable level, and then start to walk on it.This effectively means that the joint is being stressed while resolving inflammation is present. Initially this may manifest itself as no more than a mildly aching knee, but it is likely that menisci, cruciate ligaments and articular surfaces are all being stressed in a less than optimal state.It is likely, on a first principles basis, that this type of mechanism may be, in part at least, responsible for the increased levels of arthritis and arthritis that is observed in lifelong athletes. (13,14)The paper by Meeuwisse (2) has been quoted several times in this piece. It is worth remembering that his team found that the knee waste joint which, if injured, gave rise to the longest periods of incapacity. It is therefore prudent to consider the mechanisms of injury, the treatment of those injuries and, possibly more importantly in the context of this piece, what can be done to minimise the incidence and impact of those injuries.We would commend an excellent paper by Bahr (2001) (3) on the subject. He discusses (amongst other things) the current thinking on knee injuries. He makes comment on the increasing incidence of cruciate ligament injuries. These injuries are seen with greatest frequency in athletes who participate in sports that involve pivoting a movement which involves a fixed foot on the floor being used as a fulcrum topspin the body around a movement which can put huge rotational stresses on the knee joint. As has been observed e arlier in this piece, the knee is designed primarily to be efficient in dealing with movement in a sagittal plane. It is very poorly adapted to deal with rotational stresses.Bahr observes that the maximal incidence of cruciate ligament injury is in the 15-25 yr. old age group and in women three to five times more frequently than in men (see on) (14). He also refers to the post-injury, long-term complications of abnormal joint mechanics and the early onset of degenerative joint disease (15).Significantly he points to the fact that, although there has been an increasing trend recently (mainly because of improved operating techniques) to attempt to repair menisci and cruciate ligaments, this has not been accompanied by an apparent reduction in the rate of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Similarly, arthroscopic repair of isolated meniscal damage has not been shown to reduce the incidence of arthritis. These factors all mitigate the argument that, although treatment is important, the iden tification of risk factors that predispose to injury is even more important.The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is commonly injured in circumstances that many athletes would consider as normal or routine for their particular sport. Frequently the damage occurs without direct physical contact to the knee (9). This is strong evidence to support the design fault explanation of the aetiology. There is recent anecdotal data to suggest that improving the control of the knee may have an impact in reducing the incidence of these injuries.This views supported in a paper by Carafe (10) who looked at improving the proprioceptive and balance mechanisms in footballers over a three season period. They reported an 87% decrease in the incidence of injuries to the ACL. It may be significant that they studied semi-professional and amateur footballers who, presumably, did not train as efficiently of as skilfully as their professional footballer counterparts and therefore there was probably considerab le room for improvement.Similarly constructed studies have shown similar pattern of improvement in young female football (11) and handball (16) players using a similar programme of training over a season. As has been pointed out earlier, such changes are more likely to be noticeable in females because of the higher incidence of ACL injury in the first place.Bahr points out that these studies were too small to allow a proper statistical evaluation of the reduction of injury to the ACL specifically, but there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the risk of serious knee injury can be significantly reduced by the introduction of structured training exercises that focus on improving the neuron-muscular control of the knee.Bahr makes the very salient point that balance (proprioceptive)training is not yet universally recognised by coaches and trainers as useful tool. As a result, he argues that it is the responsibility of doctors and physiotherapists to disseminate the knowledge that s uch training does reduce the incidence of serious short-term (and therefore long-term) knee injury.Anterior knee pain is a common, sometimes chronic presenting symptom in any sports related health professionals clinic. There are many theories as to its aetiology and it is notoriously resistant to treatment. An unattributed paper (quoted by Minerva in the BMJ) (17)refers to Jumpers knee where the pain is maximal near the attachment of the patella ligament. Ultrasound of the region can show an area of increased echogenicity in the inferior pole of the patella. Minerva quotes the study as observing that of 100 athletes seen in one clinic,18 had to give up their sport for over a year and about 1/3rd needed surgery in order to try to get resolution of the problem.In conclusion to this section we would refer the reader to the excellent paper by Adams WB (2004) (18) who reviews the current thinking on treatment options on both overuse syndromes and trauma tithe knee.The Ankle and Basketbal lAs we have seen earlier, the ankle is the single most commonly injured site in the body during basketball comprising 31.4% of all the injuries observed (1) and ankle strains and sprains were the single commonest mechanism of injury observed with 1/3rd of all such injuries and 1/5th of all fractures. We will therefore also consider the ankles a special case.Bahr (3) quotes that in round figures 20% of sports related injuries involve the ankle. The vast majority of ankle injuries are simple sprains of the lateral and medial ankle ligaments. Proper functional care will allow the patient to return to work within a few days, or at worst a few weeks, with minimal squeal. Some sprains are found to cause prolonged disability in the form of chronic instability or persistent pain.Prophylaxis of injury is discussed elsewhere in this piece but it should be noted that taping and bracing are commonly employed techniques for protection, but their efficacy has only been demonstrated in sportsmen w ith a history of previous injury (5,6).There is little doubt that taping and bracing will reduce the incidence of sprains and result in less severe strains. High-top basketball boots have been introduced recently on the assumption that similar boots (18a) (viz. ski boots) reduce the incidence of ankle injury, but it has not yet produced any specific evidence that sprains and strains are reduced.Braces seen to be more effective than tape in preventing sprains of the ankle (7,8) Bracing has the advantage that it is more acceptable in terms of comfort for long-term use (6). Taping is commonly used but appears to be less effective than braces because it relies on adhesion to the skin to exert its protective influence. It can cause skin irritation and has to be reapplied on virtually every occasion where potential stress can occur.One of the major problems of doing research into ankle injuries is that qualitative and subjective measurements such as pain and immobility can be easily asses sed, but the ankle joint is a very functionally complex structure and quantitative measurements of anything other than flexion/extension or rotation an very difficult. Its therefore heartening to read of a Dutch group who are developing a specially designed goniometer to use in researching the pathology of the ankle joint (19). This is only mentioned for the sake of completeness and we do not propose to go into any detail about the instrument.There is an excellent article by McKay on ankle injuries in basketball (20) but this is discussed at some length in the section on prophylaxis of injuries.Treatment of injuriesThe treatment of sports related injuries is a vast topic and specialism in itself. The sports medicine medical specialist and the physiotherapist sports specialist are technically knowledgeable people who have had to assimilate a vast quantity of information relative to their specialisation.It is therefore not proposed to present the topic in any great detail but to cover the elements of treatment of acute injuries and their subsequent treatment that are specifically important to the field of basketball. We will also present a brief literature review of some of the most recent papers in the field.In general terms, the old adage of ICE (immobilisation, compression and elevation) (20b) is a useful first-aid mnemonic which will help to minimise injury prior to assessment by a more specialist professional.In this article it is proposed to look primarily at the aspects of treatment which impinge on the areas covered in this piece and broad overviews. We shall restrict ourselves here to a brief literature review of some of the most important recent papersThe area of dental trauma is highlighted in the analysis by Kujalaet al. (1994) (1) with 5.0% of all basketball injuries being dental. Airport by Randall (2005) (21) discusses the impact of dental injuries and suggests that sports field medical personnel should have at least basic training in the first-ai d of dental injuries so that they can, at least, provide appropriate care until a dental specialist can be properly involved.A particularly controversial issue is raised by Dietzel and Hedlund(2005) (22) They review the current controversy about the use of analgesic and anti-inflammatory injections both in the acute phase of injury (to allow continued participation in a sporting event) or in the chronic recovery phase. This is a particularly well balanced article which evaluates both sides of the arguments for and against the use of injectable medications.Sanchez et al.(2005) (23) review the desperately important area of management of the potentially spine-injured athlete. This is an area which has had substantial changes in management techniques in the recent past. This paper is a particularly useful review of techniques of diagnosis and stabilisation of the injured athlete. Very significantly it highlights the role of pre-injury planning so often overlooked on the sports field.T here are two recent papers which examine the thorny problem of concussion on the sports field (24,25). This has long posed a problem for the supervising healthcare specialist, both in terms of immediate diagnosis and subsequent action and treatment. The working rule of thumb has been that any player with definite signs of concussion(impaired consciousness or increased level of confusion) should be taken off the field and not returned to play for 48 hrs. In practice, this advice may be ignored by coaches who are anxious to keep their best players on the field and who may be ignorant of the potential side effects. McKean (24) and Johnston et al. (25) review the arguments in coherent manner and present the current thinking in a modern context.Injury types in relation to position playedThere are few studies that actually compare the rates and types of injury with actual position played on the court. Given the fact that Kuala, (1) reports that 50% of injuries are sustained in training ra ther than on the court, this may prove to be rather academic.The study by Meeuwisse (2003) (2), was one of the few that looked at this issue and regarded it as purely peripheral to the main mechanism of injury. However , they summed up the findings of the study in the phrase Centres had the highest rate of injury, followed by guards, and then forwards. The relative risk of re-injury was significantly increased by previous injuries to the elbow, shoulder, knee, hand, lower spine or pelvis, and by concussions.As part of their conclusions the research team commented that the predictive risk factors for injury were, in order of importance previous injury, number of games played, the number of player contacts during a game, player position, and court location (this is a reference to the proximity to a hospital). In real terms, the players position is of much less importance in predicting injury than many other factorsClinical considerationsThe clinical implications of basketball injury must be viewed in the context of the benefits derived from playing any competitive sport or indeed pursuing any degree of fitness. Virtually any sporting endeavour has a downside and indeed risks associated with it, but equally there are very considerable benefits to be gained as well. By concentrating (by necessity) on the risks of injury in basketball in this article we do not wish to ignore the balancing perspective of the health gains to also be derived.Clearly, one of the major benefits to be gained is the concurrent increase in cardiovascular fitness (13) This is in addition to the less easily quantifiable benefits of general fitness, social interaction, increase in self-confidence and satisfaction in participation which are common to most sporting endeavours.The study by Kuala et al. (1993) (13) looked at the incidence of degenerative joint conditions in elite athletes. It found that participation in sports generally could lead to premature osteoarthritis. Specifically it fou nd that, in the elite international athletes studied there was a greater than predicted admission rate to hospital for treatments for osteoarthritis of the hip, knee and ankle. Very significantly, in the context of this article on physiotherapy, it concluded that proper treatment of injuries to these joints could significantly reduce the incidence of premature osteoarthritis in this group. It should be noted that this was a large control moderated study of over 2000 international athletes so the findings are clearly significantDisability and basketballIt is important not to ignore the fact that basketball is played, not only by able-bodied sportsmen but also by those who have a concurrent disability as well. This group also presents a professional problem for the physiotherapist as. Not only are there the normal considerations for the able-bodied player that we have discussed in this piece, but also there may well be disability-specific considerations in the disabled player which wi ll tax the physiotherapist every bit as much as those in their able-bodied counterparts. In consideration of this we would commend the reader to an excellent article by Chula (1994) (26) which discusses inconsiderable depth, the whole issue of sports specific medical considerations for people with a disability.The use of sports for the disabled as a therapeutic measure was championed by Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who was a specialist in spinal injuries. He pointed out not only the obvious physical benefits to be gained in improving functions of the body which the paraplegic ortetraplegic had not fully exploited in their pre-injury state togetherwith the obvious cardiovascular benefits that could be obtained, but healso pointed to the psychological benefits to be gained by socialisingand competing against others.The Disabled Persons Employment Act (1944) was the first majorlegislative landmark in the effective rehabilitation of the disabledperson back into society and other legislation rel ating todiscrimination generally has helped the disabled person to achievelevels of attainment in sport that would have been unthinkable half acentury ago.The comments that have been made in this piece in relation toable-bodied people obviously apply, in general terms, to the disabledperson as well. Clearly it depends on the nature of the disability asto what specific measures need to be employed specifically, but thebasic principles are the same. Muscle groups need to be developed inorder to protect the joints that they work over. This is particularlyrelevant to the knee.Appropriate proprioceptive skills need to beenhanced if the risk of injury is to be kept to an acceptable minimum.More specific considerations that may involve the occupationaltherapist as well as the physiotherapist may include the prevention ofpressure problems from a wheelchair or calliper or the use ofrestraints in a patient who has sudden muscular spasms, so that theyare not thrown out of the wheelchair.The ex perienced physiotherapist will be well aware of the benefitsof sport in the disabled in improving strength, co-ordination andendurance. Basketball, in particular, is commonly employed in thewheelchair-bound patient, who has to learn transferable skills in orderto propel the wheel chair accurately as well as catch, intercept andpass the ball.Prophylaxis and pre-injury actionsEarlier in this piece we briefly discussed a paper by Sanchez (23).and commended it for its tackling of the problem of anticipating an injury. This involved a significant amount of pre-planning andorganisation on the court and field of play. Such issues are of vitalimportance to the athletes although they may not either realise orappreciate it at the time.This type of forward thinking can lead to dramatic reductions in morbidity (or even in mortality) and should be the concern of each and every healthcare professional who is working in the field of acute sports injury.Prophylaxis can be considered not only as act ual pre-planning thecourse of action needed if an injury is sustained (viz. are theresplints, bandages, sterile water and gloves etc. available?) but equally it can be considered as the correct training and preparation ofboth the players and the game officials, so that the game itself can beplayed in conditions of optimum safety. Although the first of these two considerations is clearly important, in the context of this piece, weshall consider the second element in detail.Prophylaxis of injury is a major concern. We have discussed thepredictive value of a pre-existing injury. It follows that, if thatinjury can be prevented, then the subject is statistically less likelyto suffer a further injury.Common sense is behind the definitive recommendation in the paperby Kuala et al., (1) where he states that, in an attempt to reduce the incidence of injuries in basketball, specific preventative measuresshould be employed to reduce the number of violent contacts betweenplayers. He cites impro ving the drafting of game rules so that violentinfringements of the rules can be mo